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. 2021 Dec 14;10(12):2758. doi: 10.3390/plants10122758

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) on vegetative traits of wheat plants under soil inoculation with R. solani. (A) seed germination (%), (B) Root length, (C) Shoot length, (D) Seedling vigor index based on plant length (SVIL), (E) Fresh weight, (F) Dry weight, (G) Seedling vigor index based on plant wright (SVIW) of wheat seedlings infected with R. solani. Data presented are means ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) of five biological replicates. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments, while the same letters signify no significant differences between them according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (p < 0.05).