Figure 5.
Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) on damping-off severity of wheat seedlings infected by R. solani. (A) Healthy (negative control), R. solani-infected (positive control), and SiO2-treated wheat seedlings, (B) pre-emergence damping-off, (C) Post-emergence damping-off, and (D) Root rot severity. Whiskers show the minimum and the maximum values, horizontal thick lines indicate the medians, boxes signify the interquartile ranges (25th to 75th percentile of the data). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments, while the same letters signify no significant differences between them according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (p < 0.05; n = 5).