Figure 9.

Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) on the non-enzymatic antioxidant machinery of R. solani-infected seedlings. (A) Nitric oxide (nmol g⁻¹ FW), (B) Ascorbic acid (µg g ⁻¹ FW), and (C) Reduced glutathione (µg g ⁻¹ FW). Data presented are means ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) of five biological replicates. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments, while the same letters signify no significant differences between them according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (p < 0.05).