Table 1.

Mycotoxins with established nephrotoxic effects.

Mycotoxin	Model System	Doses	Nephron Segment Involved	References
Ochratoxin A	mice, monkey, human	over 10 ng/kg bw	proximal tubules	[45]
Citrinin	mice, rabbit	35–200 mg/kg bw	proximal tubules	[28]
Zearalenone	mice	40 mg/kg bw	general kidney damage, not characterized	[33]
Fumonisin B1	quail chicks	200 ppm	proximal tubules, proximal convoluted tubules	[46]
Sterigmatocystin	mice, monkey	10–144 mg/kg bw	collecting ducts	[38]
Aflatoxin B1	mice	30–200 μg/kg bw	proximal tubule and general kidney damage	[42,47]