Table 2.
Laboratory based assays that could be used to screen for renal tubular damage in affected populations.
| Biomarker | Mycotoxins | Technique(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGAL | OTA, AFB1, CIT | Immunoassays ELISA | [7,102,127] |
| KIM-1 | OTA, AFB1, CIT | Immunoassays (ELISA, MSD-ECL) | [7,127,128,129] |
| NAG | OTA, CIT | Enzymatic assays | [7] |
| Cystatin C | OTA, AFB1, CIT | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7,105,127,129] |
| L-FABP | OTA, CIT | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7] |
| β2-MG | OTA, CIT | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7] |
| TIMP-1 | OTA | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7,129] |
| clusterin | OTA | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7] |
| osteopontin | OTA | Immunoassays, ELISA | [7] |