Table 1.
Metabolite markers associated with DASH feeding studies.
| Study | Aim | Design & Diet | Subject Group | Omic Method | Bio-Sample | Main Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mathew A, et al., 2015 J Card Fail [90] | Characterize metabolomic changes following DASH Sodium-restricted diet intervention | Single arm, Controlled feeding study, 3 weeks DASH sodium reduced diet Ş | Adults with HTN and HFpEF (n = 13), predominately female | GC-MS and LC-MS, targeted | Serum | Short-chain acyl carnitine metabolites increased significantly, correlated with improved cardiac function |
| Derkach A, et al., 2017 AJCN [86] | Evaluate the effect of sodium intake on metabolomic profiles following control and DASH diet intervention | RCT, Crossover Controlled feeing study, 2-week run-in, 12 weeks DASH vs. Control arms each with 3 sodium levels for 4 weeks each intervention ¥ | Adults with HTN, M + F, mixed race, n = 119 from DASH-Sodium trial; Samples compared high-versus low or medium sodium, independent of diet arm | LC-MS, untargeted | Plasma | Sodium intake significantly associated with changes in 6 metabolite pathways. Adjustment for change in diet pattern or blood pressure did not alter associations |
| Rebholz CM, et al., 2018 AJCN [85] | Identify metabolites associated with DASH diet pattern | RCT, Parallel, Controlled feeding study, 3-week Control run-in, 8 weeks feeding DASH diet or Control or Fruit & Vegetable-rich diet ≠ | Adults with pre-and stage 1 HTN, M + F, mixed race, n = 329 (control 108, fruit/veg 111, DASH 110) | GC-MS and LC-MS, untargeted | Serum | Multiple metabolites differed significantly DASH vs. Control (97) and DASH vs. fruit/veg (67); Identified 10 most influential metabolites as candidate biomarkers for assessing adherence to DASH diet; metabolites represented classes of lipids, amino acids, xenobiotics and food components, cofactors and vitamins, carbohydrates |
| Reisdorph N, et al., 2020 Sci Report [91] | Characterize changes in metabolome following DASH diet intervention, and characterize food specific compounds (FSC) | RCT, Crossover, Controlled feeding study, 2-week habitual diet run-in, 6-week feeding each of two DASH style diets Ş | Adults, M + F, n = 19 | LC-MS, untargeted | Urine and foods | FSC from DASH diet were detected in urine along with other metabolites; 16 metabolites were significantly associated with BP and 6 with change in BP |
| Chaudhary P, et al., 2021 Hypertension [88] | Evaluate the effect of sodium intake on metabolomic and lipidomic profiles between salt-sensitive and salt-resistant individuals | RCT, Crossover Controlled feeing study, 2-week run-in, 12 weeks DASH vs. Control arms each with 3 sodium levels for 4 weeks each intervention ¥ | Adults with HTN, M + F, mixed race, n = 191 (106 salt-sensitive, 85 salt-resistant) from DASH-Sodium trial; Samples compared high-versus low sodium on Control diet arm | LC-MS, untargeted | Plasma | Baseline comparisons exhibited no differences, but 3 metabolites differed significantly in salt sensitive subjects with change in sodium intake |
| Kim H, et al., 2021 MNFR [87] | Determine if candidate serum biomarkers from original DASH trial replicate in urine in DASH-Sodium trial | RCT, Crossover Controlled feeing study, 2-week run-in, 12 weeks DASH vs. Control arms each with 3 sodium levels for 4 weeks each intervention ¥ | Adults with HTN, M + F, mixed race, n = 193 (control), n = 202 (DASH) from DASH-Sodium trial | LC-MS, untargeted | Urine | Identified several novel metabolite markers of the DASH diet; Replicated 8 significant urine metabolites identified in serum of original DASH trial that distinguish DASH vs. Control; Identified 9 significant urine metabolites identical in DASH-high sodium and DASH-low sodium diets |
| Pourafshar S, et al., 2021 Nutrients [92] | Characterize changes in metabolome following DASH diet intervention | RCT, Parallel, Controlled feeding study, 1 week Control run-in, 2 week feeding DASH diet or Control Ş | Adults with HTN, M + F, mixed race, n = 20 | GC-MS, untargeted | Plasma and urine | Urine—19 metabolites differed significantly DASH vs. Control; Plasma—8 metabolites differed significantly DASH vs. Control; Major classes included phenolics, amino acid, organooxygen compounds, and cofactors |
DASH diet and metabolomic analyses in the literature. Seven DASH feeding trials have assessed diet-responsive metabolites in various biosamples. Table 1 shows a summary of the subject population, biosamples, omic technological approach, study aim, study design and diet, the main study findings, and the study reference. Ş: Separate DASH-style diet trial specimens. ¥: Measurements from DASH–Sodium trial specimens. ≠: Measurements from original DASH trial specimens. Abbreviations: J Card Fail—Journal of Cardiac Failure; AJCN—American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; Sci Report—Scientific Reports; Hypertension—Journal of Human Hypertension; MNFR—Molecular Nutrition & Food Research; RCT—randomized controlled trial; M—male; F—female; GC-MS—gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-MS—liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.