Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19.
| Variables | All Patients (n = 488) |
Younger Patients (n = 170) |
Older Patients (n = 318) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 70 (62–80) | 58 (51–62) | 78 (71–84) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 234 (48.0) | 98 (57.6) | 136 (42.8) | 0.002 |
| Smoking (%) | 87 (17.8) | 30 (17.6) | 57 (17.9) | 0.939 |
| Symptom at admission (%) | 398 (81.6) | 154 (90.6) | 244 (76.7) | <0.001 |
| Symptom to admission, days | 4.0 (1.0–8.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 0.860 |
| Body mass index | 24.3 (21.8–27.1) | 26.0 (24.0–28.9) | 23.1 (20.7–25.9) | <0.001 |
| Resident of a nursing facilities | 81 (16.6) | 5 (2.9) | 76 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| Scoring systems | ||||
| APACHE II score | 10.0 (7.0–13.3) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 11.5 (9.0–15.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical Frailty Scale | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 266 (54.5) | 65 (38.2) | 201 (63.2) | <0.001 |
| DM | 150 (30.7) | 34 (20.0) | 116 (36.5) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 13 (2.7) | 1 (0.6) | 12 (3.8) | 0.037 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 49 (10.0) | 7 (4.1) | 42 (13.2) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 17 (3.5) | 1 (0.6) | 16 (5.0) | 0.011 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.6) | 4 (1.3) | 0.484 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.6) | 0.100 |
| Malignancy | 27 (5.5) | 9 (5.3) | 18 (5.7) | 0.866 |
| Organ transplantation | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.171 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 121 (108–138) | 122 (108–137) | 121 (108–140) | 0.906 |
| DBP, mmHg | 72 (63–83) | 76 (66–86) | 71 (61–81) | 0.019 |
| HR,/min | 87 (75–100) | 88 (80–102) | 86 (73–99) | 0.009 |
| RR,/min | 20 (20–22) | 20 (20–22) | 20 (19–24) | 0.345 |
| Body Temperature, ℃ | 36.8 (36.4–37.8) | 37.4 (36.5–38.2) | 36.7 (36.4–37.4) | <0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 96.0 (93.0–98.0) | 96.0 (94.0–98.0) | 95.0 (92.0–98.0) | 0.129 |
| GCS | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (14–15) | 0.002 |
| Duration of fever | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.3) | 2.0 (0.0–4.3) | 0.760 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| White cell count, 1000/mm3 | 5.87 (4.32–8.04) | 5.77 (4.32–8.48) | 5.91 (4.36–7.98) | 0.767 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 4.63 (2.71–8.88) | 4.65 (2.62–7.79) | 4.56 (2.75–9.60) | 0.013 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.9 (11.6–14.1) | 13.8 (12.3–14.8) | 12.6 (11.2–13.8) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count, 1000/mm3 | 182 (136–229) | 189 (150–237) | 179 (134–228) | 0.106 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.089 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.5 (3.1–4.0) | 3.7 (3.3–4.2) | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 15 (11–22) | 13 (10–17) | 16 (12–24) | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.73 (0.61–0.89) | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.992 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 5.93 (2.10–11.67) | 6.40 (2.10–13.20) | 5.70 (2.07–10.58) | 0.322 |
| Chest X-ray | ||||
| Normal | 74 (15.2) | 23 (13.5) | 51 (16.0) | 0.462 |
| Unilateral | 67 (13.7) | 15 (8.8) | 52 (16.4) | 0.021 |
| Bilateral | 217 (44.5) | 79 (46.5) | 138 (43.4) | 0.515 |
| Multifocal | 130 (26.6) | 53 (31.2) | 77 (24.2) | 0.097 |
Data are presented as median and interquartile range or number (%), unless otherwise indicated. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, DM: diabetes mellitus, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HR: heart rate, RR: respiratory rate, SpO2: saturation pulse oxygen, GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale, BUN: blood urea nitrogen.