Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate risk factors associated with in hospital mortality (Cox regression model).

	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
	HR	95% CI	p-Value	HR	95% CI	p-Value
Age	1.055	1.035–1.075	<0.001	1.031	1.008–1.054	0.008
Scoring systems
APACHE II score	1.092	1.062–1.123	<0.001	1.038	1.006–1.071	0.018
Frailty scale	1.289	1.173–1.417	<0.001	1.022	0.887–1.178	0.764
Comorbidity (%)
DM	2.115	1.391–3.214	<0.001	1.622	1.029–2.559	0.037
COPD	4.507	2.063–9.844	<0.001	4.294	1.874–9.837	0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	1.739	0.942–3.212	0.077	1.491	0.780–2.848	0.227
Liver cirrhosis	4.551	1.431–14.469	0.010	1.287	0.270–6.147	0.752
Laboratory findings
White blood cell count, 1000/mm3	1.058	1.017–1.100	0.005	1.104	1.056–1.153	<0.001
Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio	1.020	1.007–1.032	0.002	0.984	0.968–1.000	0.044
Platelet count, 1000/mm3	0.994	0.991–0.998	0.001	0.996	0.993–0.999	0.024
Albumin, g/dL	0.451	0.312–0.652	<0.001	0.794	0.481–1.310	0.366
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.112	1.019–1.212	0.017	0.944	0.813–1.095	0.446
DNR order	9.618	6.102–15.159	<0.001	6.260	3.792–10.333	<0.001
Treatment
Invasive mechanical ventilation	1.754	1.104–2.785	0.017	1.824	1.070–3.107	0.027
Vasopressor use	2.416	1.536–3.800	<0.001	1.069	0.583–1.961	0.829

HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, DM: diabetes mellitus, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DNR: do not resuscitate.