Table 4.
Exploratory outcomes at end of intervention and changes from baseline.
| Placebo (n = 28) |
Change (95% CI) Placebo | Synbiotics (n = 28) |
Change (95% CI) Synbiotics |
p-Value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiographic characteristics | |||||
| Global longitudinal strain (%) (n = 52) |
−17.2 ± 3.5 | 0.40 (−0.96–1.77) | −17.6 ± 3.2 | 0.01 (−1.28–1.31) | 0.98 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) (n = 55) |
72.6 (63.2–88.0) | −5.00 (−11.9–1.93) | 81.0 (69.0–94.4) | −6.40 (−15.9–3.11) | 0.29 |
| Ejection fraction (%) (n = 54) | 58.0 (53.5–63.0) | −2.86 (−5.82–0.11) | 60.5 (57.0–64.0) | −1.23 (−4.61–2.08) | 0.25 |
| Uremic toxins (n = 55) | |||||
| Total indoxyl sulfate (µmol/L) | 13.0 (8.0–18.5) | −3.07 (−9.14–2.99) | 12.0 (6.7–28.0) | 1.50 (−3.25–6.26) | 0.96 |
| Total p-cresyl sulfate (µmol/L) | 64.5 (24.0–135.0) | −17.2 (−49.8–15.3) | 69.0 (30.0–179.0) | 28.8 (−6.32–64.0) | 0.15 |
| Free indoxyl sulfate (µmol/L) | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | −0.09 (−0.34–0.17) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.10 (−0.14–0.34) | 0.25 |
| Free p-cresyl sulfate (µmol/L) | 2.6 (0.9–5.1) | −0.17 (−1.18–0.84) | 2.7 (1.4–5.8) | 0.98 (0.17–1.79) | 0.08 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 142 ± 17 | 4.11 (−3.21–11.4) | 142 ± 19 | 1.79 (−6.95–10.5) | 0.89 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81 ± 9 | 2.39 (−0.81–5.59) | 77 ± 8 | 1.18 (−2.36–4.72) | 0.16 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 38.5 (29.5–49.0) | 2.61 (−0.41–5.63) | 29.0 (20.0–36.0) | −3.14 (−6.23–−0.06) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 149 (126–182) | −9.79 (−21.7–2.09) | 177 (156–249) | 20.8 (2.97–38.5) | <0.01 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (3.6–5.0) | −0.07 (−0.37–0.23) | 4.1 (3.4–5.0) | −0.07 (−0.34–0.20) | 0.59 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 55) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | −0.02 (−0.07–0.04) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.05 (−0.23–0.32) | 0.57 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 55) | 2.4 (1.7–2.7) | −0.26 (−0.51–−0.01) | 2.0 (1.7–2.7) | −0.09 (−0.25–0.08) | 0.84 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 0.18 (−0.11–0.47) | 1.3 (0.9–2.1) | −0.03 (−0.31–0.25) | 0.14 |
Data are presented as means ± SD, median (25th–75th percentiles), or numbers (%); CI = confidence interval. a p-values calculated for the group effect using analysis of covariance.