Table 4.

Comparison * of Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) score and anthropometric parameters between avocado consumers and non-consumers after controlling for confounders.

Variable	Non-Consumer (NC) (n = 215)		Consumer (C) (n = 319)		C:NC Ratio or EMM Diff		p-Value
	EMM	95% CI	EMM	95% CI	EMM	SD or 95% CI
DQI-I score	64.62	63.39, 65.85	68.31	67.19, 69.43	3.69	0.70 §	<0.0001
BMI z-score	0.33	0.16, 0.49	0.28	0.13, 0.43	−0.05	−0.23, 0.13	0.588
Waist-to-Height ratio †	0.46	0.45, 0.47	0.46	0.45, 0.47	1.00 ‡	0.98, 1.02	0.855
Fat-free mass †, kg	47.17	46.20, 48.17	46.36	45.46, 47.27	0.98 ‡	0.96, 1.01	0.146
Female	40.96	39.83, 42.13	40.83	39.85, 41.84	1.00 ‡	0.97, 1.03	0.841
Male	53.50	51.14, 55.97	53.99	51.61, 56.48	1.01 ‡	0.96, 1.06	0.720
Fat mass †, kg	10.54	9.56, 11.63	10.52	9.63, 11.49	1.00 ‡	0.89, 1.11	0.967
Female	13.95	12.38, 15.71	13.64	12.38, 15.04	0.98 ‡	0.85, 1.12	0.752
Male	7.65	6.45, 9.06	8.65	7.30, 10.25	1.13 ‡	0.94, 1.37	0.202
% Body fat †	17.61	16.38, 18.92	17.93	16.81, 19.13	1.02 ‡	0.94, 1.11	0.659
Female	24.85	22.89, 26.99	24.65	23.09, 26.32	0.99 ‡	0.90, 1.09	0.867
Male	12.21	10.73, 13.90	13.44	11.81, 15.29	1.10 ‡	0.95, 1.27	0.193

* All comparisons were controlled for age, gender, square term for centered age, study site, father’s educational level (used as surrogate of socio-economic status), ethnicity, sleep hours, physical activity, vegetarian status, total energy (100 kcal/day), and energy-adjusted animal protein intake (10 g/d). Since fat mas, fat-free mass, and % body fat differ between males and females, gender stratification was carried out. † log-transformed to normalize distribution. ‡ ratio of the geometric means of consumers to non-consumers (C:NC ratio) is used in place of difference in estimated marginal means (EMM). § Standard deviation (SD).