Table 5.
Comparison * of intake of selected food groups and nutrients between avocado consumers and non-consumers.
| Food Group/Nutrient | Non-Consumer (NC) (n = 215) |
Consumer (C) n = 319 |
C:NC Ratio ‡ or Mean Diff | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMM | 95% CI | EMM | 95% CI | ||||
| FOOD GROUPS, serving/day | |||||||
| Breads, grains, cereals † | 3.9 | 3.7, 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6, 4.0 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.03 | 0.456 |
| Dairy | 2.2 | 1.9, 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.8, 2.1 | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.00 | 0.039 |
| Animal protein foods † | 0.6 | 0.4, 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5, 0.6 | 1.03 | 0.90, 1.16 | 0.703 |
| Plant protein foods† | 1.5 | 1.3, 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.7, 2.2 | 1.31 | 1.14, 1.51 | 0.0002 |
| Fruits † | 1.4 | 1.2, 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.8, 2.2 | 1.50 | 1.33, 1.68 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables † | 2.4 | 2.3, 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9, 3.3 | 1.28 | 1.18, 1.39 | <0.0001 |
| Sweets † | 1.1 | 1.0, 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1, 1.4 | 1.10 | 0.94, 1.30 | 0.222 |
| Sweetened beverages † | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7, 0.9 | 1.13 | 0.97, 1.32 | 0.119 |
| NUTRIENTS, intake per day | |||||||
| Energy, kcal/d | 2083.0 | 1961.1, 2204.8 | 2271.3 | 2159.9, 2382.7 | 188.32 | 51.6, 325.0 | 0.007 |
| Total fat, g/d | 76.5 | 74.2, 78. 8 | 74.4 | 72.3, 76.5 | −2.10 | −4.7, 0.5 | 0.112 |
| SFA †, g/d | 24.9 | 23.8, 26.1 | 23.0 | 22.0, 24.0 | 0.92 | 0.9, 1.0 | 0.002 |
| MUFA, g/d | 25.0 | 24.2, 25.8 | 24.9 | 24.2, 25.7 | −0.07 | 1.0, 0.9 | 0.875 |
| PUFA, g/d | 19.4 | 18.7, 20.1 | 19.4 | 18.8, 20.1 | 0.03 | −0.8, 0.8 | 0.941 |
| Trans fats, g/d | 2.4 | 2.3, 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2, 2.3 | −0.13 | −0.2, −0.0 | 0.034 |
| Carbohydrates, g/d | 263.2 | 257.1, 269.3 | 266.4 | 260.8, 272.0 | 3.22 | −3.7, 10.1 | 0.358 |
| Protein, g/d | 77.8 | 75.5, 80.2 | 80.9 | 78.8, 83.0 | 3.09 | 0.47, 5.71 | 0.021 |
| Animal protein †, g/d | 25.7 | 24.0, 27.5 | 24.1 | 22.6, 25.7 | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.01 | 0.112 |
| Vegetable Protein †, g/d | 43.5 | 41.4, 45.8 | 48.4 | 46.3, 50.7 | 1.11 | 1.05, 1.18 | 0.0002 |
| Cholesterol †, mg/d | 159.5 | 148.0, 171.9 | 149.4 | 139.5, 160.0 | 0.94 | 0.86, 1.02 | 0.125 |
| Dietary fiber †, g/d | 23.5 | 22.5, 24.5 | 26.3 | 25.3, 27.3 | 1.12 | 1.06, 1.17 | <0.0001 |
| Retinol †, mcg/d | 813.5 | 773.1, 855.9 | 875.6 | 835.8, 917.3 | 1.08 | 1.02, 1.14 | 0.012 |
| Folate †, mcg/d | 576.1 | 549.8, 603.7 | 603.3 | 578.0, 629.6 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.10 | 0.086 |
| Vitamin C †, mg/d | 138.7 | 127.4, 151.1 | 164.0 | 151.8, 177.3 | 1.18 | 1.07, 1.30 | 0.0006 |
| Vitamin E †, mg/d | 8.8 | 8.4, 9.2 | 9.3 | 8.9, 9.7 | 1.05 | 1.00, 1.11 | 0.070 |
| Calcium †, mg/d | 1077.3 | 1032.1, 1124.4 | 1154.7 | 1110.3, 1200.8 | 1.07 | 1.02, 1.12 | 0.005 |
| Magnesium †, mg/d | 330.9 | 321.4, 340.7 | 359.5 | 350.0, 369.1 | 1.09 | 1.05, 1.12 | <0.0001 |
| Iron †, mg/d | 17.6 | 16.9, 18.3 | 18.67 | 18.0, 19.3 | 1.06 | 1.01, 1.11 | 0.010 |
| Zinc, mg/d | 11.6 | 11.1, 12.0 | 11.7 | 11.3, 12.1 | 0.13 | −0.33, 0.59 | 0.585 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 3259.1 | 3167.9, 3350.4 | 3377.7 | 3294.2, 3461.1 | 118.54 | 16.14, 220.94 | 0.023 |
| Potassium †, mg/d | 2671.4 | 2588.36, 2757.15 | 2943.55 | 2859.8, 3029.8 | 1.10 | 1.06, 1.14 | <0.0001 |
* All comparisons were controlled for age, gender, site (Michigan or California), educational level of father (high school or less, college, or graduate level), ethnicity (African/African-American, Hispanic, Asian, Caucasian, Other), hours of sleep, moderate-to- vigorous physical activity in mins/d, and vegetarian status (vegetarian or non-vegetarian). † log-transformed to normalize distribution. ‡ ratio of the geometric means of consumers to non-consumers (C:NC ratio) is used in place of difference in estimated marginal means; d = day.