Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants according to physical frailty and cognitive status.
| Characteristics (Mean ± SD)/n (%)) |
Total (n = 373) |
Robust a (n = 48) |
Physical Frailty b (n = 13) |
MCI c (n = 177) |
Cognitive Frailty d (n = 135) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 70.45 ± 5.40 | 68.17 ± 3.06 | 69.08 ± 3.64 | 70.15 ± 4.84 | 71.78 ± 6.47 | <0.001 *,ac,ad,bd,cd |
| Gender Male Female |
155 (41.6) 218 (58.4) |
26 (54.2) 22 (45.8) |
3 (23.1) 10 (76.9) |
73 (41.2) 104 (58.8) |
53 (39.3) 82 (60.7) |
0.15 |
| Marital status Married Single/divorced/ Widowed |
238 (63.8) 135 (36.2) |
37 (77.1) 11 (22.9) |
9 (69.2) 4 (30.8) |
108 61.0) 69 (39.0) |
84 (62.2) 51 (37.8) |
0.20 |
| Living alone | 42 (11.3) | 5 (10.4) | 2 (15.4) | 23 (13.0) | 12 (8.9) | 0.67 |
| Educational level No education Grade 1–3 Grade 4–6 High school/Vocational certificate Bachelor’s degree |
8 (2.1) 138 (37.0) 188 (50.4) 24 (6.4) 15 (4.0) |
1 (2.1) 9 (18.8) 18 (37.5) 12 (25.0) 8 (16.7) |
1 (7.7) 6 (46.2) 4 (30.8) 1 (7.7) 1 (7.7) |
4 (2.3) 60 (33.9) 99 (55.9) 9 (5.1) 5 (2.8) |
2 (1.5) 63 (46.7) 67 (49.6) 2 (1.5) 1 (0.7) |
<0.001 ** |
| Numbers of underlying diseases | ||||||
| 0 1–2 ≥3 |
107 (28.7) 228 (61.1) 28 (10.2) |
14 (29.2) 28 (58.3) 6 (12.5) |
4 (30.8) 9 (69.2) - |
57 (32.2) 105 (59.3) 15 (8.5) |
32 (23.7) 86 (63.7) 17 (12.6) |
0.512 |
| Underlying diseases, n (%) | ||||||
| No underlying disease Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Dyslipidemia Gout Thyroid diseases Coronary heart disease Stroke Chronic kidney disease Osteoarthritis |
103 (27.6) 195 (52.3) 58 (15.6) 59 (15.8) 16 (4.3) 12 (3.2) 12 (3.2) 11 (3.0) 10 (2.7) 8 (2.1) |
14 (29.2) 20 (41.7) 7 (14.6) 10 (20.8) 3 (6.3) 1 (2.1) 1 (2.1) 2 (4.2) - 1 (2.1) |
4 (30.8) 7 (53.9) 2 (15.4) - - - - - - 1 (7.7) |
55 (31.1) 92 (52.0) 21 (11.9) 29 (16.4) 7 (4.0) 7 (4.0) 4 (2.3) 6 (3.4) 5 (2.8) 2 (1.1) |
30 (22.2) 76 (56.3) 28 (20.7) 20 (14.8) 6 (4.4) 4 (3.0) 7 (5.2) 3 (2.2) 5 (3.7) 4 (3.0) |
0.37 0.383 0.201 0.322 0.780 0.809 0.418 0.798 0.525 0.361 |
| Alcohol drinking in previous year | ||||||
| Risky alcohol drinking (>10 standard drinks per week) Non-risky alcohol drinking (≤10 standard drinks per week) No alcohol drinking |
38 (10.2) 20 (5.4) 315 (85.4) |
9 (18.75) 3 (6.25) 36 (75.0) |
1 (7.7) 2 (15.4) 10 (76.9) |
21 (11.9) 12 (6.8) 144 (81.3) |
7 (5.2) 3 (2.2) 125 (92.6) |
0.011 * |
| Current smoking | 25 (6.7) | 3 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 14 (7.9) | 8 (5.9) | 0.68 |
| ADL score, mean ± SD | 19.63 ± 0.83 | 19.83 ± 0.48 | 19.58 ± 0.79 | 19.66 ± 0.80 | 19.53 ± 0.94 | 0.17 |
MCI, Mild cognitive impairment; ADL, Activities of daily living; SD, Standard deviation; All p-values of the categorical Variables were obtained from Chi-square test, for the continuous variables, p-values were obtained from one-way ANOVA, for the non-parametric continuous variables, p-values were obtained Kruskal-Wallis test; Statistically significant for p ≤ 0.05, ** Statistically significant for p ≤ 0.001; The comparison groups were denoted as following a Robust, b Physical Frailty, c MCI, and d Cognitive Frailty; Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) for post-hoc pairwise comparison was denoted as following, ab Robust and physical frailty, ac Robust and MCI, bd Physical frailty and cognitive frailty, cd MCI and cognitive frailty.