Table 1.
Vitamin D Prophylaxis in Adult Headache.
| Reference | Study Design | Sample Size (Mean Age) | Type of Headache | Dose of Vitamin D Supplementation | Treatment Duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gazerani (2019) [67] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel | 48 (45.5 y) | Migraine | 100 μg/day | 196 days | Decreased migraine frequency, no effect on severity, pressure pain thresholds, or temporal summation. |
| Mottaghi (2015) [62] |
Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled |
65 (Group 1 32.7 ± 10.6 y; Group 2 33.9 ± 11.6 y) |
Migraine | 50,000 IU/week | 10 weeks | Decreased headache frequency and mean headache diary results, no effect on severity and duration of headache. |
| Buettner (2015) [68] |
Randomized, placebo-controlled |
57 (40 y) | Episodic migraine | 1000 IU twice per day (+ simvastatin 20 mg/twice per day) |
24 weeks | Decreased number of migraine days |
| Ghorbani (2020) [69] |
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | 80 (Group1 37 y; Group 2 38 y) |
Episodic migraine | 2000 IU/day | 12 weeks | Significantly lower headache days per month, reduced attacks duration, less severe headaches and lower analgesics use/month |
| Ghorbani (2020) [71] |
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | 80 (Group1 37 y; Group 2 38 y) |
Episodic migraine | 2000 IU/day | 16 weeks | CGRP level appeared to be significantly lower following vitamin D supplementation. Improved headache characteristics and disability |
| Ghorbani (2021) [72] |
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | 80 (Group1 37 y; Group 2 38 y) |
Episodic migraine | 2000 IU/day | 12 weeks | Enhanced Th17/Treg related cytokines balance in episodic migraineurs. |
| Yilmaz (2016) [73] |
Pre-post | 29 (36.9 y) | Headache | 50,000 IU/weekly + calcium of 1000 mg/day |
3 months | Decreased headache severity and frequency. |
| Knutsen (2014) [74] |
Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group |
158 (35–40 y) |
Headache | Group 1: 25 g/day Group 2: 10 g/day |
16 weeks | No effect on occurrence, anatomical localization, and degree of pain parameters or headache frequency. |
| Rist (2021) [75] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | 1032 (65.6 y) | Migraine | 2000 IU/day or marine n-3 fatty acid (1 g/d) | 5.3 years (median) | No changes in migraine frequency or severity based on self-report |
| Batcheller (2014) [78] |
Prospective | — | Cluster headache | 10,000 IU/day | 30 days | Decreased frequency, severity, and duration of headache in 80% of patients. |