Table 1.

Literature focusing on detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks during the last two decades across the world.

Continent	Country	Region	Host/Sampling Site	Tick Species	Total Ticks Collected	Positive (n)	Prevalence %	95% CI	Molecular Technique	Year of Study	Refs.
Europe
Europe	Slovakia	Western Slovakia	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes scapularis	1294	420	33%	Not given	PCR	1999–2000	[24]
			Birds (Parus major, Turdus merula, Turdus philomelos)	Ixodes scapularis	57	16	28%	Not given	PCR
	Serbia	Vojvodina	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	764	169	22.1%	11–29	PCR	2006–2008	[25]
	Luxemburg	Not mentioned	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	1394	157	11.3%	Not given	PCR	2007	[26]
	Switzerland	11 sites located between 400 and 900 m above sea level	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes ricinus	1458	328	22.5%	Not given	PCR	2009–2010	[27]
	Sweden	Southern Sweden	Rodents (Myodes glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis)	Ixodes ricinus	276	137	49.6%	Not given	q-PCR	2008-2010	[28]
	Belarus	Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes ricinus	553	52	9.4%	Not given	PCR	2009	[29]
	Italy	Borzonasca, Chiavari	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	170	31	18.2%	Not given	PCR	1998–1999	[30]
	Denmark	South Jut land	Dogs	Ixodes ricinus	661	99	15%	Not given	PCR	2011	[31]
	Italy	Emilia-Romagna	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	284	78	27.5%	Not given	Real-time PCR	2010	[32]
	Italy	Ossola Valley Province of Verbano–Cusio–Ossola	Vegetation and Wild animals (chamois, roe deer, red deer)	Ixodes ricinus	1766	530	30%	Not given	PCR	2011	[33]
	Scotland and Northern England	Not mentioned	Gray squirrel	Ixodes ricinus	1585	189	11.9%	9.7–14.6	PCR	2012–2013	[34]
	Italy	Belluno, Perugia	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	447	17	3.8%	Not given	PCR	2007–2010	[35]
	Italy	Tuscany	Wild animals (Dama dama, Cervus elaphus)	Ixodes ricinus	420	6	1.4%	Not given	PCR	2015–2019	[36]
	Netherlands	Flevoland, Gelderland, Noord-Holland, Utrecht, and Zuid-Holland	Hedgehogs	Ixodes ricinus	460	67	14%	Not given	q-PCR	2010–2014	[37]
	Netherlands	Not mentioned	Horse	Ixodes ricinus	120	52	43.3%	Not given	PCR	2018	[38]
	Serbia	Forests (Lipovica, Bojčinska, Avala, Miljakovačk, Makiš), Park-forests (Ada Ciganlija, Zvezdara, Banjica, Košutnjak, Jajinci) Parks (Hajd park, Belevode, Usće, Šumice, Kalemegdan, Topčider, Tašmajdan, Banovobrdo, Pionirski park)	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	3199	704	22%	Not given	PCR	2009	[39]
	Finland	Southwestern Finland	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	3169	217	6.8%	Not given	PCR	2013–2014	[40]
	Poland	Goleniowska Forest	Shetland ponies	Ixodes ricinus	1737	333	19%	Not given	PCR	2010–2012	[41]
			Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes ricinus	371	18	4.8%	Not given	PCR
	Romania	Eastern Romania	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	534	138	25.8%	Not given	PCR	2014	[42]
	UK	Not mentioned	Cat	Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes trianguliceps	541	15	2.8%	Not given	PCR	2016	[43]
	Germany	Saxony	Small mammals (Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, Mustela nivalis, Myodes glareolus Sorex araneus, Talpa europaea)	Ixodes ricinus	2802	154	5.5	3.5–8.3	PCR	2012–2016	[44]
	Slovakia	Bratislava	Birds (Parus major, Sitta europaea, Turdus merula, Erithacus rubecula, Dendrocopos major, Parus montanus, Fringilla coelebs, Parus caeruleus, Muscicapa striata)	Ixodes ricinus	295	37	12.5%	Not given	PCR	2011–2012	[45]
	Italy	Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park in the Province of Bellun	Red foxes (Parks)	Ixodes ricinus	2248	28	1.25%	Not given	Real-time PCR	2011–2016	[46]
	Scotland	Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	6567	91	1.4%	1.1–1.7	PCR	2011–2015	[47]
	Latvia	Not mentioned	Dog	Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus	608	48	7.9%	Not given	Nested-PCR	2011–2016	[48]
	Italy	Aosta Valley, western Alps	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes scapularis	30	12	40%	22.5–57.5	PCR	2016	[49]
	Latvia	All regions of Latvia	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor reticulatus	4593	657	14%	Not given	PCR	2017–2019	[50]
	Italy	64 Italian provinces	Dog	Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonous	723	3	0.4%	0.2–0.8	PCR	2016–2017	[51]
	Finland	8 sites on the coast of Bothnian Bay	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes persulcatus	163	101	62%	55–70	PCR	2019	[52]
	Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden	11 European countries	Birds	Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes arboricola, Ixodes frontalis	656	244	37.2%	Not given	PCR	2005–2008 2013–2014 and 2016	[53]
	Ukraine	Chernivtsi, Khmelnytskyi, Kyiv, Ternopil, Vinnytsia regions	Vegetation, wild and domestic animals (brown bear, raccoon, red fox, lynx, cats, cattle dogs)	Ixodes ricinus	99	25	25%	Not given	PCR	2019–2020	[54]
	Belarus	Brest Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev and Vitebsk	Vegetation and Cow	Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus	4070	253	6.2%	Not given	PCR	2012–2019	[55]
	Romania	Luliu Haţieganu Park, Alexandru Borza Botanical Garden, Mănăştur Cemetery Hoia, Făget forest	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata	148	39	26.35%	19.46–34.22	PCR	2018	[56]
			Rodents, birds, and hedgehogs	Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis concinna	222	81	36.5%	29.29–42.27	PCR
	Ukraine	Southeastern Ukraine (Zaporizhzhya region)	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	358	115.6	32.3%	Not given	PCR	2014–2018	[57]
North America
North America	US	Southern coastal Maine	Pets, chipmunks, white-footed mice	Ixodes scapularis	394	88	22.3%	Not given	PCR	1995–1997	[58]
	US	University of California Hopland Research and Extension Center (HREC)	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes pacificus	181	7	3.9%	Not given	PCR	2003	[59]
	US	Southwestern Michigan	Birds	Ixodes dentatus, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis	12,301	517	4.2%	Not given	PCR	2004–2007	[60]
	US	Southwestern suburban Chicago	Wild birds	Ixodes scapularis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris	120	5	4%	Not given	PCR	2005–2010	[61]
	US	Hudson Valley	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes ricinus	1245	760	61%	Not given	PCR	2011	[62]
	US	New Castle County, Delaware	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes scapularis	441	46	10.4%	Not given	PCR	2013–2014	[63]
	US	New York State	Vegetation (Forest)	Ixodes scapularis	677	346	51%	39.3–63.3	rt-PCR	2018	[64]
	US	Marin County California	Vegetation (Parks)	Ixodes pacificus	1419	41	2.9%	2.3–3.7	rt-PCR	2015–2018	[65]
	Canada	Ontario	Human	Ixodes scapularis	17,230	3015	17.5%	16.97–18.09	PCR	2011–2017	[66]
			Companion animals (dogs)	Ixodes scapularis	4375	433	9.9%	9.15–10.78	PCR
Asia
Asia	Korea	Pocheon, Donghae, Sejong, Boryeong, Uiseong, Jeongup, Geoje, Goheung, and Jeju Island	Wild rodents	Ixodes nipponensis, Ixodes angustus, Haemaphysalis longicornis	738	248	33.6%	Not given	PCR	2017	[67]
	China	Great Xingan Mountains, Small Xingan Mountains	Vegetation (parks)	Ixodes persulcatus	1345	454	33.8%	Not given	PCR	1999–2001	[68]
Africa
Africa	Egypt	Cairo, Giza, Al-Buhayrah, and Matrouh govern	Dog	Rhipicephalus sanguineus	60	1	1.67%	Not given	PCR	2017	[69]