Table 1.
Strategies that have enhanced therapeutic antibody delivery to the brain.
| Delivery Strategy | Therapeutic Antibody (Size) | Antibody Target | Disease Model | Method of Transport | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Focused ultrasound (FUS; SUS; SUS+MB) |
Trastuzumab/Herceptin® (148 kDa) |
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) | Breast cancer with brain metastasis |
N.D. | [25] |
| Bevacizumab/Avastin® (149 kDa) |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Malignant glioma | N.D. | [26] | |
| Aducanumab/Aduhelm® (146 kDa) |
Oligomeric Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | N.D. | [27] | |
| Anti-Aβ polyclonal (Rabbit sera) (~150 kDa) | Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | N.D. | [28] | |
| Anti-Ab mAb, (100–150 kDa) |
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | N.D. | [29,30] | |
| Anti-Aβ mAb, A07/2a (100 kDa) |
pGlu3 Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | N.D. | [31] | |
| Anti-2N tau antibody, RN2N scFv (27 kDa) Fab (56 kDa) IgG (155 kDa) |
Tau (isoforms with two N-terminal domains) | Fronto-temporal lobar degeneration | N.D. | [32,33] | |
| Anti-tau mAb (RNF5) (150 kDa) |
Tau (all isoforms) | Fronto-temporal lobar degeneration | N.D. | [34] | |
| Anti-α-synuclein mAb (150 kDa) |
α-synuclein | Parkinson’s disease | N.D. | [35] | |
| Bi-specific antibody |
Anti-Aβ mAb, (150 kDa) |
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | RMT (TfR) | [36,37,38,39] |
| Anti-Aβ mAb, 13C3 (150 kDa) |
Protofibrillar Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) |
Alzheimer’s disease | RMT (TfR) | [40] | |
| Anti-Aβ antibody, 3D6 scFv (~30 kDa) IgG (~150 kDa) |
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) | Alzheimer’s disease | RMT (TfR) | [16] | |
| Anti-BACE1 mAb (~150 kDa) | BACE1 | Alzheimer’s disease | RMT (TfR) | [41] | |
| Nanoparticle (liposome) |
Cetuximab (152 kDa) |
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | In vitro BBB model (brain malignancies) |
RMT (TfR) | [42] |
| Trastuzumab (148 kDa) |
HER2 receptor | In vitro BBB model (brain malignancies) |
RMT (TfR) | [42] | |
| Anti-CD133 mAb (~150 kDa) | Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) | Glioblastoma | RMT (LRP-1) | [43] | |
| Nanoparticle (gold) |
Anti-BACE1 mAb (~150 kDa) | BACE1 | Alzheimer’s disease | RMT (TfR) | [44] |
| Nanoparticle (dendrimer) |
Anti-NKG2a mAb (~150 kDa) |
NK cell receptor | Glioblastoma | RMT (caveolae-mediated endocytosis) | [45] |
Abbreviations: N.D., not determined; RMT, receptor-mediated transport; TfR, transferrin receptor; LRP-1, lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1.