Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, risk factors for BSI & characteristics of BSI during the pre-COVID-19 period (Jan to Feb 2020) & COVID-19 period (March to May 2020).
IQR = Interquartile range; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BSI = bloodstream infection; CLABSI = central line associated bloodstream infection; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
| Overall n = 148 | Pre-COVID-19 Period n = 59 | COVID-19 Period n = 89 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 60.0 (48.3 - 69.0) | 60.0 (45.0-69.0) | 60.0 (52.0-69.5) | 0.158 |
| Females, no (%) | 66 (44.6%) | 31 (52.5%) | 35 (39.3%) | 0.113 |
| Race | 0.094 | |||
| Hispanic | 85 (57.4%) | 30 (50.8%) | 55 (61.8%) | |
| Black | 32 (21.6%) | 10 (16.9%) | 22 (24.7%) | |
| White | 4 (2.7%) | 2 (3.4%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| Asian | 3 (2.0%) | 2 (3.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Others | 24 (16.2%) | 15(25.4%) | 9 (10.1%) | |
| Body mass index | 0.158 | |||
| Underweight | 9 (6.1%) | 4 (6.8%) | 5 (5.6%) | |
| Normal | 55 (37.2%) | 28 (47.5%) | 27 (30.3%) | |
| Overweight | 34 (23.0%) | 12 (20.3%) | 22 (24.7%) | |
| Obese | 44 (28.4%) | 15 (25.4%) | 35 (39.3%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 4.0 (2.0-6.0) | 3.0 (2.0-6.0) | 4.0 (2.0 -6.0) | 0.299 |
| Hypertension | 88 (59.5%) | 29 (49.2%) | 59 (66.3%) | 0.038 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 64 (43.2%) | 20 (33.9%) | 44 (49.4%) | 0.062 |
| Asthma/COPD | 29 (19.6%) | 13 (22.0%) | 16 (18.0%) | 0.543 |
| Autoimmune disease | 7 (3.9%) | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0.090 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 21 (14.2%) | 6 (10.2%) | 15 (16.9%) | 0.254 |
| Dementia | 7 (4.7%) | 1 (1.7%) | 6 (6.7%) | 0.157 |
| Previous history of cancer | 14 (9.5%) | 5 (8.5%) | 9 (13.0%) | 0.739 |
| HIV | 19 (12.8%) | 10 (16.9%) | 9 (10.1%) | 0.223 |
| Smoking history | 46 (31.1%) | 24 (40.7%) | 22 (24.7%) | 0.040 |
| Risk factors for BSI | ||||
| ARDS on admission, n (%) | 41 (27.7%) | 5 (8.5%) | 36 (40.4%) | 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 67 (45.3%) | 16 (27.1%) | 51 (57.3%) | 0.001 |
| Days of mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 14.0 (7.0-31.0) | 12.0 (1.5-46.2) | 16.0 (8.0 -34.0) | 0.128 |
| Pressor Use during hospitalization | 54 (36.5%) | 13 (22.0%) | 41 (46.1%) | 0.003 |
| Days of pressors, median (IQR) | 6.5 (2.8-13.0) | 4.0 (1.5-12.5) | 7.0 (3.0-13.5) | 0.400 |
| Proning, n (%) | 21 (14.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | 20 (22.5%) | 0.001 |
| Rectal tube, n (%) | 31 (20.9%) | 5 (8.5%) | 26 (29.2%) | 0.002 |
| Anticoagulation use, n (%) | 32 (21.6%) | 4 (6.8%) | 28 (31.5%) | 0.001 |
| Steroid use, n (%) | 35 (23.6%) | 10 (16.9%) | 25 (28.1%) | 0.118 |
| Length of stay- days, median (IQR) | 13.5 (4.3-29.0) | 9.0 (4.0 -21.8) | 17.5 (9.4-36.2) | 0.136 |
| Death, n (%) | 45 (30.4%) | 9 (15.3%) | 36 (40.4%) | 0.001 |
| BSI characteristics | Overall n = 164 | Pre-COVID-19 Period n = 53 | COVID-19 Period n = 111 | P value |
| Primary BSI, n (%) | 87 (53.0%) | 42 (79.2%) | 45 (40.5%) | 0.001 |
| Secondary BSI, n(%) | 77 (47.0%) | 11 (20.8%) | 66 (59.5%) | |
| CLABSI, n (%) | 58 (35.4%) | 5 (9.4%) | 53 (47.7%) | |
| Number of central venous access per patient, median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0-2.0) | 1.0 (1.0-2.0) | 1.0 (1.0-2.0) | |
| Community acquired BSI, n (%) | 83 (56.1%) | 43 (81.1%) | 40 (36.0%) | 0.001 |
| Hospital acquired BSI, n (%) | 81 (49.4%) | 10 (18.9%) | 71 (64.0%) | 0.001 |
| Time to first positive blood culture from admission – days, median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.5-8.8) | 1.7 (1.4-2.1) | 2.7 (1.5-14.2) | 0.003 |
| Days of antibiotic therapy previous to BSI (DOT), median (IQR) | 0 (0-15.0) | 0 (0-6.0) | 3.0 (0-20.5) | 0.017 |
| Polymicrobial BSI | 15 (9.1%) | 7 (13.2%) | 8 (7.2%) | 0.191 |