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. 2021 Dec 20;16:8235–8250. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S344805

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© 2021 Huang et al.

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The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the chitosan-bilirubin conjugate (CS-BR). (A) The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of H₂O₂-stimulated gastric epithelial cells treated with bilirubin (BR) or CS-BR for 24 h were observed by fluorescent microscopy. Scale bar = 100 μm. (B) The semi-quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of ROS. (C) The cell viability of H₂O₂-stimulated gastric epithelial cells treated with BR or CS-BR for 24 h. The levels of (D) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (E) catalase (CAT), (F) glutathione (GSH), (G) malondialdehyde (MDA), (H) interleukin 6 (IL-6), and (I) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in each group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.