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. 2021 Dec 20;16:8235–8250. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S344805

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© 2021 Huang et al.

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The anti-ulcer effect of the chitosan-bilirubin conjugate (CS-BR) via inhibition of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. (A) The timeline of the experimental design. (B) Photograph of gastric tissue in each group. (C) The gastric ulcer (GU) index in each group. The levels of (D) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), (E) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (F) catalase (CAT), (G) glutathione (GSH), (H) malondialdehyde (MDA), (I) interleukin 6 (IL-6), and (J) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the gastric tissue of mice. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.