Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors that worsened dry-eye symptoms during the lockdown.
| Risk factors | DED symptoms worsened | DED symptoms not worsened | P | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||||
| Age ≤ 60 years | 130 (94.2) | 343 (86.4) | 0.02* | 2.56 | 1.19–5.52 |
| DED | 56 (40.6) | 143 (36.0) | 0.36 | 1.21 | 0.82–1.80 |
| Female | 108 (78.3) | 145 (36.5) | 0.001* | 2.07 | 1.32–3.26 |
| Increased VDT usage during the lockdown | 113 (81.9) | 163 (41.1) | < 0.001* | 6.49 | 4.03–10.46 |
| Ocular allergic disease | 22 (15.9) | 32 (8.1) | 0.01* | 2.16 | 1.21–3.87 |
| Glaucoma | 6 (4.3) | 11 (2.8) | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.58–4.40 |
| Abnormal Thai GHQ-12 score | 49 (35.5) | 88 (22.2) | 0.002* | 1.93 | 1.27–2.95 |
| In DED participants | N = 56 | N = 143 | |||
| Decreased frequency of artificial tear use during COVID-19 lockdown | 6 (10.7) | 20 (14.0) | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.27–1.91 |
| Risk factors | P | OR | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate analysis | |||||
| Age ≤ 60 years | 0.11 | 1.959 | 0.86–4.47 | ||
| Female | 0.012* | 1.864 | 1.14–3.04 | ||
| Increased VDT usage during the lockdown | < 0.001* | 5.676 | 3.49–9.23 | ||
| Ocular allergic disease | 0.263 | 1.437 | 0.76–2.71 | ||
| Abnormal Thai GHQ-12 score | 0.06 | 1.549 | 0.98–2.45 | ||
* P < 0.05; DED, dry-eye disease; VDT, visual display terminal.