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. 2021 Dec 24;19:447. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01189-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — TH-NPs limited tumor invasion and migration by blocking autophagy flux in vitro. A Schematic diagram showing blockade of chemotherapy-induced autophagic flux can limit tumor invasion and migration by decreasing FAs disassembly. B Western blotting analysis of the autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62, and its downstream pathway proteins FAs including E-cadherin and paxillin at the cell level. C IF images demonstrating OXA-triggered protective autophagy degrades E-cadherin and D paxillin, TH-NPs treatment would reverse or increase E-cadherin and paxillin expression. Scale bar: 20 μm. E Quantitative analysis of the E-cadherin and paxillin of the IF results. F Images of the TH-NPs on invasion and migration of HCCLM3 cells in vitro. G The quantitative analysis of invaded cells and H migration area of TH-NPs on HCCLM3 cells. Data were displayed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001