Table 1.
Results of exploratory factor analysis for items of each construct of the questionnaire (N = 428)
| Constructs and items | Rotated factor loadings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | |
| Attitude | |||||
| 1. Giving water to children under 6 months of age (CU6M) in addition to breast milk (BM) is good for their growth | 0.810 | −0.165 | 0.052 | −0.003 | — |
| 2. Giving water to the CU6M … is necessary because BM is the food and water is the drink | 0.791 | −0.152 | 0.120 | 0.066 | — |
| 3. Giving water to CU6M … helps prevent constipation and clear the dirt from his belly | 0.757 | −0.134 | 0.155 | 0.068 | — |
| 4. Children U6M should be given water … when there is little or no milk production | 0.690 | −0.060 | 0.219 | 0.259 | — |
| 5. Children U6M should be given water … to avoid fatigue due to thirst | 0.801 | −0.112 | 0.241 | 0.266 | — |
| 6. Children U6M must be given water … to BM or their throats will become dry | 0.756 | −0.084 | 0.273 | 0.263 | — |
| Since breast milk of certain colors is not good for the child <6 months of age, water should be given … a | 0.263 | 0.010 | 0.018 | 0.826 | — |
| 7. Milk of certain colors causes tingling of the tongue/diarrhea, so it is necessary to give water … | 0.435 | −0.097 | 0.027 | 0.684 | — |
| 8. Giving water to my CU6M, even if he is breastfed, allows him to get used to water | 0.784 | −0.024 | 0.184 | 0.162 | — |
| 9. The more my CU6M will suck, the more milk I will have for him … | 0.112 | 0.048 | 0.566 | 0.361 | — |
| 10. Giving my CU6M water … will cause coughing and/or bronchitis | −0.323 | 0.127 | −0.713 | 0.054 | — |
| 11. Giving my CU6M water … will help him lose weight | 0.067 | −0.005 | 0.820 | −0.041 | — |
| 12. Giving my CU6M water … will cause abdominal pain | 0.450 | 0.079 | 0.605 | −0.070 | — |
| 13. Giving water to my CU6M … causes tingling of the tongue and/or diarrhea | 0.396 | −0.026 | 0.652 | 0.042 | — |
| 14. Giving my CU6M water … will help prevent constipation | 0.530 | −0.177 | −0.022 | 0.364 | — |
| 15. Children U6M should be given water when given medication | 0.676 | −0.023 | 0.104 | 0.056 | — |
| 16. For you, preventing your CU6M from becoming thirsty is … | −0.282 | 0.622 | 0.051 | −0.130 | — |
| 17. For you, preventing your CU6M from having a fever is … | −0.037 | 0.827 | 0.005 | −0.074 | — |
| 18. For you, preventing your CU6M from losing weight is … | 0.019 | 0.847 | −0.019 | −0.159 | — |
| 19. For you, preventing your CU6M from having abdominal pain … is … | 0.060 | 0.858 | −0.068 | −0.065 | — |
| 20. For you, preventing your CU6M from making gurgling noises is … | 0.011 | 0.759 | −0.053 | −0.023 | — |
| 21. For you, preventing your CU6M from getting tingling tongue/diarrhea … is … | −0.381 | 0.536 | −0.035 | 0.189 | — |
| 22. For you, preventing your CU6M from reacting abnormally to the introduction of water is … | −0.181 | 0.606 | 0.002 | 0.097 | — |
| 23. For you, preventing your CU6M from getting constipated is … | −0.270 | 0.754 | −0.077 | 0.021 | — |
| 24. For me, giving water to my CU6M in addition to BM would be … b | 0.642 | −0.212 | 0.203 | 0.072 | — |
| Eigenvalues | 8.37 | 4.19 | 1.88 | 1.24 | — |
| % of variance (60.31) | 32.21 | 16.11 | 7.23 | 4.77 | — |
| Subjective norm | |||||
| 1. Your spouse/partner | 0.400 | 0.103 | 0.057 | 0.522 | 0.111 |
| 2. Your mother‐in‐law | 0.675 | 0.141 | 0.475 | 0.117 | −0.077 |
| 3. Your spouse's grandmother | 0.603 | 0.182 | 0.613 | 0.058 | −0.026 |
| 4. Your grandmother | 0.582 | 0.221 | 0.561 | 0.008 | −0.094 |
| 5. Your sister‐in‐law | 0.155 | 0.248 | 0.262 | 0.745 | 0.052 |
| 6. Your older sister | −0.007 | 0.293 | 0.088 | 0.824 | −0.034 |
| 7. Your mother | 0.506 | 0.191 | 0.395 | 0.435 | 0.022 |
| 8. Other mothers in the neighbourhood/village | 0.089 | 0.266 | 0.796 | 0.113 | −0.033 |
| 9. Neighbours | 0.106 | 0.149 | 0.718 | 0.254 | 0.118 |
| Health workers/community agents | 0.109 | −0.1 | −0.054 | 0.251 | 0.756 |
| 10. Your spouse/partner | 0.584 | 0.425 | 0.116 | 0.162 | 0.117 |
| 11. Your mother‐in‐law | 0.729 | 0.504 | 0.189 | 0.009 | 0.014 |
| 12. Your spouse's grandmother | 0.721 | 0.473 | 0.224 | 0.022 | −0.001 |
| 13. Your grandmother | 0.580 | 0.596 | 0.038 | 0.131 | −0.003 |
| 14. Your sister‐in‐law | 0.199 | 0.753 | 0.105 | 0.305 | −0.001 |
| 15. Your older sister | 0.237 | 0.708 | 0.22 | 0.208 | 0.222 |
| 16. Your mother | 0.654 | 0.497 | 0.096 | 0.131 | 0.109 |
| 17. Other mothers in the neighbourhood/village | 0.168 | 0.746 | 0.319 | 0.098 | 0.02 |
| 18. Neighbours | 0.106 | 0.78 | 0.168 | 0.195 | −0.025 |
| Health workers/community agents | 0.153 | 0.149 | 0.022 | −0.140 | 0.796 |
| 19. The most influential people in my family think I should not give water to my CU6M in addition to BM | 0.741 | 0.082 | 0.160 | 0.168 | 0.213 |
| 20. If I did not give my CU6M of water …, most influential people … would think I should not give water to him … | 0.726 | 0.066 | 0.028 | 0.154 | 0.282 |
| 21. The most influential people in my family think it is correct not to give water to my CU6M in addition to BM | 0.458 | −0.237 | −0.228 | 0.073 | −0.369 |
| Eigenvalues | 9.41 | 1.98 | 1.62 | 1.40 | 1.25 |
| % of variance SN (68.08) | 40.92 | 8.61 | 7.05 | 6.07 | 5.43 |
| Perceived behavioural control | |||||
| 1. If I knew the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) | 0.121 | 0.050 | 0.684 | 0.253 | 0.31 |
| 2. If I knew the dangers of giving water | 0.155 | 0.030 | 0.754 | −0.039 | 0.355 |
| 3. If there is no heat | 0.349 | 0.201 | 0.577 | 0.060 | −0.387 |
| 4. If I do not have the financial means to buy the water (pack/bottle) | 0.430 | 0.022 | 0.49 | 0.321 | −0.226 |
| 5. If I knew that breast milk already contained water | 0.108 | −0.065 | 0.785 | 0.080 | 0.058 |
| 6. If I did not return to work | 0.769 | 0.146 | 0.231 | 0.233 | −0.038 |
| 7. If I do not leave it with someone at home | 0.736 | −0.039 | 0.039 | 0.062 | 0.313 |
| 8. If I didn't give him a syrup or any other medication | 0.782 | 0.145 | 0.191 | 0.017 | 0.075 |
| 9. If I did not give him BM substitutes (BMS) | 0.840 | 0.109 | 0.115 | 0.081 | −0.019 |
| 10. Being sensitized about the benefits of EBF | 0.179 | 0.732 | 0.217 | 0.022 | 0.256 |
| 11. Always staying with my CU6M | 0.175 | 0.837 | −0.021 | 0.027 | 0.115 |
| 12. Being able to ensure a good milk supply after childbirth | −0.086 | 0.778 | 0.054 | 0.176 | 0.117 |
| 13. The fact of having my mother … who takes care of my CU6M | 0.128 | 0.684 | −0.15 | 0.183 | −0.23 |
| 14. For me, not giving water to my CU6M … would be: | −0.085 | 0.269 | 0.1 | 0.71 | 0.171 |
| 15. How much control do you feel you have when you decide not to give water to your CU6M …? | 0.154 | 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.837 | 0.171 |
| 16. If I wanted to, I could easily decide not to give water to my CU6M … | 0.323 | 0.087 | 0.175 | 0.582 | 0.057 |
| It is up to me not to give water to my CU6M … if I have knowledge about the dangers of water | 0.149 | 0.197 | 0.166 | 0.364 | 0.568 |
| I feel able not to give water to my CU6M … if I have knowledge of the dangers of water provision | 0.094 | 0.128 | 0.181 | 0.208 | 0.732 |
| Eigenvalues | 5.24 | 2.29 | 1.81 | 1.32 | 1.08 |
| % of variance (65.23) | 29.10 | 12.73 | 10.05 | 7.35 | 6.00 |
| Environmental factor items | |||||
| 1. Not having access to individual counseling sessions on EBF during antenatal care visits | 0.810 | −0.249 | 0.073 | ||
| 2. Not having access to group education sessions on EBF during antenatal care visits | 0.860 | −0.159 | 0.123 | ||
| 3. Not having access to individual counseling sessions on EBF during immunization visits | 0.897 | −0.132 | 0.038 | ||
| 4. Not having access to group education sessions on EBF during immunization visits | 0.878 | −0.132 | 0.117 | ||
| 5. Not having given birth in a health facility | 0.746 | −0.185 | 0.322 | ||
| 6. Not to be assisted by qualified personnel to give birth | 0.776 | −0.084 | 0.342 | ||
| 7. Not having received birth support at the hospital or health center to initiate EBF | 0.641 | 0.033 | 0.421 | ||
| 8. Not having benefited from maternity leave | 0.158 | −0.205 | 0.756 | ||
| 9. Not being able to bring my CU6M to my workplace … spend the day with him/her | 0.461 | −0.316 | 0.573 | ||
| 10. Not having support from my family to encourage me not to give water … to my CU6M | 0.398 | −0.320 | 0.623 | ||
| 11. Having an occupation of any kind | −0.108 | 0.306 | −0.531 | ||
| 12. Having my child exposed to the sun at my work place or activity | −0.102 | 0.684 | −0.285 | ||
| 13. Having received a BMS donation at the health facility | −0.152 | 0.828 | −0.152 | ||
| 14. Having been exposed to BMS advertising | −0.152 | 0.786 | −0.184 | ||
| 15. Receiving information that encouraged me to give my child water … | −0.240 | 0.774 | 0.022 | ||
| 16. Having a place nearby to get good quality water | −0.088 | 0.811 | −0.301 | ||
| 17. Having the financial means to buy good quality water | −0.063 | 0.824 | −0.261 | ||
| Eigenvalues | 7.64 | 2.89 | 1.06 | ||
| % of variance (68.13) | 44.92 | 16.99 | 6.22 | ||
Abbreviations: CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; SN, subjective norm.
a
Items in italic font were removed in CFA.
b
Direct measurements of each individual construct were performed using the underlined items.