Table 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| General characteristics | The participated year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | P-value | ||
| Total Number, n (%) | 217,113 (100.0) | 223,306 (100.0) | ||
| Age (years, mean, [SD]) | 54.8 (17.4) | 54.1 (17.6) | <0.001* | |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean, [SD]) | 24.0 (3.6) | 23.6 (3.3) | <0.001* | |
| Current economic activity, n (%) | 136,278 (62.8) | 136,729 (61.2) | <0.001† | |
| Income (won/year, mean, [SD]) | 41,386,557 (3391) | 41,403,862 (3501) | 0.868 | |
| Income group (n,%) | <0.001† | |||
| Low (< 24,000,000 won/year) | 70,021 (32.2) | 73,010 (32.7) | ||
| Middle (24,000,000 to <48,000,000 won/year) | 62,333 (28.7) | 64,738 (29.0) | ||
| High (≥ 48,000,000 won/year) | 84,779 (39.0) | 85,558 (38.3) | ||
| Region | 0.012† | |||
| Urban area | 57,941 (26.7) | 60,382 (27.0) | ||
| Rural area | 131,179 (60.4) | 134,544 (60.3) | ||
| Pandemic area (Deagu, Kyeongbuk) | 28,013 (12.9) | 28,380 (12.7) | ||
| Sleep time (hours/day, mean, [SD]) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.8 (1.3) | <0.001* | |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Male | 98,317 (45.3) | 102,830 (46.0) | ||
| Female | 118,816 (54.7) | 120,476 (54.0) | ||
| Education, n (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Middle school or below | 76,029 (35.0) | 71,540 (32.0) | ||
| High school | 62,650 (28.9) | 66,025 (29.6) | ||
| College or over | 78,454 (36.1) | 85,741 (38.4) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Non-smoker | 136,640 (62.9) | 144,975 (64.9) | ||
| Past smoker | 44,197 (20.4) | 41,285 (18.5) | ||
| Current smoker | 36,296 (16.7) | 37,046 (16.6) | ||
| Frequency of alcohol drinking, n (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Non-drinker | 77,074 (35.0) | 92,630 (41.5) | ||
| ≤1 time a month | 80,604 (37.1) | 74,338 (33.3) | ||
| ≥ 2 times a week | 59,455 (27.4) | 56,338 (25.2) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 24,934 (11.5) | 25,837 (11.6) | 0.366 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 61,779 (28.5) | 60,979 (27.3) | <0.001† | |
| Subjective stress level, n (%) | <0.001† | |||
| No | 53,124 (24.5) | 55,821 (25.0) | ||
| A little | 116,423 (53.6) | 117,871 (52.8) | ||
| Severe | 41,544 (19.1) | 42,918 (19.2) | ||
| Very severe | 6042 (2.8) | 6696 (3.0) | ||
| Depression (%) | 13,065 (6.0) | 12,471 (5.6) | <0.001† | |
| PHQ-9 for depression (mean, [SD]) | 2.1 (3.0) | 1.9 (2.9) | <0.001* | |
| PHQ-9 for depression ≥ 10 score, n (%) | 6698 (3.1) | 6147 (2.8) | <0.001† | |
| Little interest or pleasure in doing things? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 9476 (4.2) | 9460 (4.2) | 0.037* | |
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 6275 (2.9) | 5861 (2.6) | <0.001† | |
| Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 20,768 (9.6) | 18,787 (8.4) | <0.001† | |
| Feeling tired or having little energy? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 19,140 (8.8) | 15,116 (6.8) | <0.001† | |
| Poor appetite or overeating? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 8056 (3.7) | 7224 (3.2) | <0.001† | |
| Feeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 2516 (1.2) | 2510 (1.1) | 0.278 | |
| Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 2281 (1.1) | 2214 (1.0) | 0.051 | |
| Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual? ≥ 2 score, n (%) |
1370 (0.6) | 1246 (0.6) | 0.002* | |
| Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way? ≥ 2 score, n (%) | 1891 (0.9) | 1783 (0.8) | 0.008* | |
SCD, subjective cognitive decline; SD, standard deviation.
⁎
Independent T-test, Significance at P < 0.05.
†
Chi-square test, Significance at P < 0.05.