Table 1.
Clinical evidence on the relationship between FGF21 and cardiovascular diseases.
| Diseases | Populations | Samples | Results | Interpretations | References |
| CHD | CHD (n = 33)CHD with DM (n = 33) | SerumEFPF | DM patients:EF volume↑RAGE (EF)↑ADM (EF and PF)↑FGF21 (EF and PF)↓ | The expression of FGF21 in epicardial and cardial fat decreased in patients with CHD and diabetes. | [50] |
| Subclinical atherosclerosis (n = 75)Healthy control (n = 65) | Serum | Subclinical atherosclerosis patients:MCP-1↑FGF21↓ | Serum FGF21 was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis disease severity in postmenopausal women without CVD. | [37] | |
| CHD (n = 224; PAD, n = 38)Healthy control (n = 193) | Plasma | CHD patients and healthy control:FGF21 (no significant difference)PAD patients: FGF21↓ | Circulating FGF21 was lower in patients with PAD than in those without PAD. | [38] | |
| SAP (n = 66)UAP (n = 76)Healthy control (n = 55) | Serum | UAP: FGF21↑Positive correlation: FGF21 with cTnI and CK-MB | Serum FGF21 was significantly higher in UAP patients than in SAP patients and healthy controls. | [45] | |
| CHD (n = 1668) | Serum | U-shaped correlation: FGF21 with mortality | Serum FGF21 levels and mortality in CHD patients showed a U-shaped correlation. | [41] | |
| T2DM (n = 504)LEAD (n = 294)non-LEAD (n = 210) | Serum | LEAD: FGF21↑Positive correlation: FGF21 with systolic blood pressure and femoral intima-media thickness | Serum FGF21 was significantly higher in LEAD women than in healthy women. | [52] | |
| AMI | AMI (n = 50)SAP (n = 43) | Serum | AMI patients: FGF21↑Positive correlation: FGF21 with peak FABP4 and saturated fatty acids. | Serum FGF21 was higher in AMI patients than in SAP patients. | [91] |
| AMI (n = 55)Healthy control (n = 45) | Serum | AMI patients: FGF21↑Maximum: 24 h after AMIRemained: 7 days | Serum FGF21 was significantly higher in AMI patients than controls. | [95] | |
| CMP | Dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 241)Healthy control (n = 80) | Serum | Dilated cardiomyopathy patients: FGF21↑Negative correlation: FGF21 and NT-proBNP with a survival rate | Serum FGF21 was associated with the risk factors, severity, and prognosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. | [116] |
| Hearts from alcoholic donors (n = 30)Healthy control (n = 11) | Hearts | Alcoholic patients:Circulating and cardiac FGF21↑β-Klotho↑Oxidative stress↑ | Circulating and cardiac FGF21 was increased in subjects with chronic alcohol consumption. | [120] | |
| HF | Diastolic dysfunction (n = 95)Healthy control (n = 143) | Plasma | Positive correlation:FGF21 with diastolic dysfunction;FGF21 and NT-proBNP with the rate of CVD | Circulating FGF21 showed good predictive power to the 1-year adverse cardiac events. | [28] |
| DM and CAC (n = 1132) | Serum | Correlation:FGF21 with better 1-year prognosis | Lower baseline serum FGF21 was a prediction for a better long-term prognosis. | [48] | |
| HFrEF with cardiac cachexia (n = 19)HFrEF without cachexia (n = 19)Ischaemic heart disease and preserved ejection fraction (n = 19) | Plasma | HFrEF with cardiac cachexia patients:FGF21↑Correlation: FGF21 with lower muscle massNon-correlation: FGF21 with NT-proBNP | Serum FGF21 was significantly higher in patients with HFrEF and cardiac cachexia than in those without cachexia. | [133] |
AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; CAC: Coronary artery calcification; CHD: Coronary heart disease; CK-MB: Creatine kinase-MB; CMP: Cardiomyopathy; cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; EF: Epicardial fat; FABP4: Fatty acid binding protein 4; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; HF: Heart failure; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LEAD: Lower extremity atherosclerotic disease; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; PF: Paracardial fat; SAP: Stable angina pectoris; UAP: Unstable angina pectoris.