Table 7.

Univariable and Multivariable Analysis of Mortality.

		Univariable analysis						Multivariable analysis (final model)
		HR		95% CI		p value		HR		95% CI		p value
Body mass index (BMI)
45≤		1.57		0.53, 4.65		0.4172
BMI <18		-		-		-
BMI 18≤, <30		Ref
Sex, male		1.25		0.49, 3.18		0.6357		1.07		0.285, 3.983		0.9244
Age, years
<65		Ref
65-74		1.65		0.44, 6.16		0.4531		0.48		0.07, 3.17		0.4438
75≤		12.33		4.42, 34.41		<0.0001		8.49		1.79, 40.36		0.0072
Smoking history, yes		0.59		0.25, 1.36		0.2113
Pulmonary diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease		1.39		0.33, 6.93		0.6567
Bronchial asthma		0.99		0.13, 7.38		0.9952
Bronchiectasis		40.49		4.98, 329.11		0.0005
Interstitial lung diseases		3.42		0.80, 14.60		0.0970
Non-pulmonary diseases
Hypertension		1.67		0.73, 3.80		0.2262
Congestive heart failure		6.21		0.83, 46.27		0.0748
Ischemic heart diseases		2.63		0.78, 8.88		0.1187
Diabetes mellitus		4.69		1.99, 11.06		0.0004		3.72		0.82, 16.77		0.0878
Arrythmias		1.14		0.15, 8.49		0.8967
Cerebrovascular diseases		2.02		0.27, 15.02		0.4906
Neuromuscular diseases		8.89		2.07, 38.28		0.0034
Post upper digestive system surgery		3.89		0.52, 28.97		0.1852
Chronic liver diseases		2.76		0.37, 20.52		0.3202
Systemic steroids or immunosuppressants		2.31		0.31, 17.14		0.4136
Malignancy		1.23		0.17, 9.09		0.8430
Chronic kidney disease		3.00		0.40, 22.32		0.2841
Vaccination history, pneumococcus		0.59		0.18, 1.99		0.3961
Vaccination history, influenza		1.46		0.50, 4.29		0.4914
Severity on admission, severe		9.04		3.95, 20.71		<0.0001		0.48		0.10, 2.41		0.3729
Premorbid performance status
0		Ref
1-2		3.12		1.15, 8.47		0.0254
3-4		2.42		0.32, 18.23		0.3903
Viral coinfection, yes		1.49		0.63, 3.52		0.3672		1.11		0.30, 4.16		0.876
Bacterial coinfection, yes		1.65		0.49, 5.56		0.4225
PaCO2, Torr
<35		2.11		0.83, 5.36		0.1151
35-45		Ref
45≤		-		-		-
Lactate, mmol/L
<2		Ref
2≤		1.44		0.49, 4.23		0.5094
Lymphocytes, /mm3
<500		8.68		3.51, 21.48		<0.0001		9.07		1.79, 46.01		0.0078
500≤		Ref
D-dimer, μg/mL
<2		Ref
2≤		3.70		1.52, 9.03		0.0040		4.67		1.16, 18.77		0.0300
KL-6, U/mL
<500		Ref
500≤		4.03		1.71, 9.51		0.0015		1.76		0.43, 7.21		0.4316
Ferritin, ng/mL
<500		Ref
500-1,000		12.74		2.85, 57.01		0.0009		15.65		1.70, 144.31		0.0153
1,000≤		11.65		2.51, 54.03		0.0017		3.67		0.39, 34.77		0.2573
Procalcitonin, ng/mL
<0.5		Ref
0.5≤, <1		6.75		1.99, 22.91		0.0022
1≤		4.95		0.66, 37.23		0.1199
qSOFA, 2≤		12.38		1.61, 94.85		0.0155
Treatment during hospital stay
Antibiotics, yes		4.17		1.64, 10.58		0.0027
Corticosteroids, no		Ref
Corticosteroid use in non-respiratory failure		28.03		6.63, 118.50		<0.0001		15.62		1.99, 122.68		0.009
Corticosteroid use in respiratory failure		16.87		4.42, 64.31		<0.0001		10.66		1.57, 72.18		0.0153
Neuraminidase inhibitors, yes		0.86		0.36, 20.26		0.7279
NSAIDs, yes		0.47		0.06, 3.50		0.4631
Pneumonia subtypes
Primary viral pneumonia		Ref
Mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia		1.65		0.49, 5.56		0.4225

KL-6: Krebs von der Lungen-6, qSOFA: quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score, NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs