Table 1.
Characteristics of patients stratified by transaminases at admission. Statistically significancy differences are highlighted in bold.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 292) | Normal (n = 207) | Abnormal (n = 67) | Liver injury (n = 18) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 194 (66.4) | 139 (67.2) | 44 (65.7) | 11 (61.1) | 0.86 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 74 (58–79) | 74 (61–80)* | 68 (55–79) | 61 (57–70)* | 0.009 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 26.7 (24.7–30.5) | 26.6 (24.4–30.0) | 27.5 (25.2–31.7) | 27.6 (26.5–30.1) | 0.11 |
| Symptoms and signs at admission | |||||
| Fever, n (%) | 237 (81.2) | 164 (79.2) | 59 (88.1) | 14 (77.8) | 0.26 |
| Cough, n (%) | 180 (61.6) | 126 (60.9) | 45 (67.2) | 9 (50.0) | 0.38 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 147 (50.3) | 96 (46.4) | 41 (61.2) | 10 (55.6) | 0.10 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 61 (20.9) | 43 (20.8) | 12 (17.9) | 6 (33.3) | 0.36 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 69 (23.6) | 46 (22.2) | 17 (25.4) | 6 (33.3) | 0.53 |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 5 (1.7) | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0.27 |
| CV disease, n (%) | 99 (33.9) | 81 (39.3)* | 15 (22.4)* | 3 (16.7) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 63 (21.6) | 50 (24.2) | 10 (14.9) | 3 (16.7) | 0.24 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 137 (46.9) | 102 (49.3) | 30 (44.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0.20 |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 44 (15.1) | 32 (15.5) | 10 (14.9) | 2 (11.1) | 0.88 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 31 (10.6) | 24 (11.6) | 6 (9.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0.64 |
| Other comorbidities, n (%) | 72 (24.6) | 49 (23.7) | 18 (26.9) | 5 (27.8) | 0.83 |
| Home therapy | |||||
| Number of drugs, median (IQR) | 5 (3- 8) | 5 (3–9) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–7) | 0.14 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 14 (4.8) | 8 (9.4) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (14.3) | 0.43 |
| Paracetamol, n (%) | 19 (6.5) | 13 (15.3) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (14.3) | 0.92 |
| Metamizole, n (%) | 5 (1.7) | 3 (3.5) | 2 (7.4) | 0 (0) | 0.58 |
| Hospital therapy | |||||
| Heparin, n (%) | 245 (88.5) | 168 (87.1) | 62 (93.9) | 15 (83.3) | 0.25 |
| Any antibiotic, n (%) | 261 (89.4) | 181 (93.8) | 64 (97.0) | 16 (88.9) | 0.38 |
| Penicillin, n (%) | 128 (46.1) | 85 (44.0) | 33 (50.0) | 10 (55.6) | 0.50 |
| Cephalosporins, n (%) | 58 (20.9) | 40 (20.7) | 15 (22.7) | 3 (16.7) | 0.85 |
| Carbapenem, n (%) | 30 (10.8) | 14 (7.3)* | 11 (16.7)§ | 5 (27.8)*§ | 0.006 |
| Macrolid, n (%) | 29 (10.5) | 19 (9.8) | 8 (12.1) | 2 (11.1) | 0.87 |
| Fluoroquinolone, n (%) | 15 (5.4) | 12 (6.2) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.19 |
| Other antibiotics, n (%) | 35 (12.6) | 15 (7.8)*§ | 15 (22.7)* | 5 (27.8)§ | 0.001 |
| Acetaminophen, n (%) | 190 (68.6) | 123 (67.7)* | 53 (80.3)* | 14 (77.8) | 0.03 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 88 (31.8) | 59 (30.6) | 24 (36.4) | 5 (27.8) | 0.64 |
| Hydroxychloquine, n (%) | 117 (42.2) | 80 (41.5) | 32 (48.5) | 5 (27.8) | 0.27 |
| Metamizole, n (%) | 150 (54.1) | 103 (53.4) | 32 (48.5)* | 15 (83.3)* | 0.03 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 6 (2.2) | 4 (2.1) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5.6) | 0.57 |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 17 (6.1) | 10 (5.2) | 7 (10.6) | 0 (0) | 0.15 |
| Laboratory test at admission | |||||
| WBC (x10^9/l), median (IQR) | 6.4 (4.8–8.5) | 6.4 (4.9–8.6) | 6.2 (4.8–8.1) | 5.8 (4.1–9.8) | 0.76 |
| Lymphocytes (x10^9/l), median (IQR) | 0.87 (0.62–1.17) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.10 |
| Albumin (g/l), median (IQR) | 38 (35–41) | 39 (35–42) | 37 (35–40) | 38 (35–40) | 0.34 |
| Total bilirubin (µmol/l), median (IQR) | 8.3 (5.7–12.7) | 8.3 (5.8–12.1) | 7.1 (5.0–11.8) | 12.6 (8.0–24.9) | 0.10 |
| LDH (IU/l), median (IQR) | 493 (393–644) | 486 (373–575)* | 624 (477–799)* | 860 (667–1114)* | 0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/l), median (IQR) | 65 (23–118) | 57 (18–109)* | 73 (44–146)* | 75 (39–127) | 0.01 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml), median (IQR) | 596 (513–1214) | 536 (226–971) | 806 (334–1243) | 1017 (*) | 0.34 |
| INR, median (IQR) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.3) | 0.33 |
| D-dimer (mg/l), median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.4–0.9) | 0.66 |
| PaO2/FiO2, median (IQR) | 296 (244–330) | 299 (207–342)* | 294 (227–321) | 226 (194–280)* | 0.02 |
| Outcome | |||||
| Death, n (%) | 68 (23.3) | 50 (24.2) | 14 (20.9) | 4 (22.2) | 0.85 |
| Admission to ICU, median (IQR) | 61 (20.9) | 36 (17.4)* | 18 (26.9) | 7 (38.9)* | 0.04 |
| Lenght of stay, median (IQR) | 11.1 (7.0–20–0) | 11.0 (6.8–18.0) | 11.9 (7.8–25.1) | 14.9 (8.3–23.5) | 0.15 |
*,§ Groups with statistical differences
IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, CV cardiovascular, WBC white blood cells, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CRP C reactive protein, INR International Normalized ratio, paO2 partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ICU intensive care unit.