Table 1.
Participant characteristics and descriptive results.
| Participant characteristics (N = 267) | % | M (SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recruitment site | |||
| Oregon | 67% | ||
| Ohio | 24% | ||
| Kansas | 8% | ||
| Respondent | |||
| Biological or adoptive mother | 85% | ||
| Biological or adoptive father | 8% | ||
| Other (e.g., stepparent, grandparent) | 4% | ||
| Annual family income < $50,000 | 39% | ||
| Single parent, % | 17% | ||
| Parent race, % | |||
| White | 58% | ||
| Asian | 15% | ||
| Black | 14% | ||
| Other | 7% | ||
| Parent Latino/Hispanic ethnicity | 11% | ||
| Child age | 3.43 (1.2) | 1.5–5.8 | |
| Study outcome variables | |||
| Parent depressive symptoms T score (PROMIS)a | 50.25 (9.0) | 41–79.4 | |
| COVID-19 family distress (CEFIS) | 5.34 (2.1) | 1–10 | |
| Parent ACEs (ACEs Questionnaire) | 2.20 (2.4) | 0–10 | |
| Negative parenting (MAPS), | |||
| Total | 1.73 (0.5) | 1–3.43 | |
| MAPS Hostility subscale | 1.87 (0.6) | 1–4.00 | |
| MAPS Lax Control subscale | 2.02 (0.6) | 1–4.86 | |
| MAPS Physical Control subscale | 1.29 (0.5) | 1–3.50 | |
| Child emotional/behavioral problems (PPSC) | |||
| Total | 9.62 (7.1) | 0–33 | |
| Exceeding clinical cutoffb | 49% | ||
Note: PROMIS = Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system; CEFIS = Child emotional/behavioral problems (PPSC); ACES = adverse child experiences; MAPS = Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale; PPSC = Preschool Pediatric Symptom Checklist.
a
Scores of 60 and above considered clinically significant.
b
Clinical cutoff score is 9.