Table 1.
Functions of exosome-associated miRNAs in immune modulation.
| Source | Exo-miRNA | Recipient | Function | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Cell | Species | Cell/Animal | |||
| Human | UC-MSC | miR-146a | Mouse | Mø | Enhancing polarization of macrophages to M2 and attenuating inflammation | (44) |
| Rat | BM-MSC | miR-146a | Rat | Colitis | Attenuating inflammation in colitis of rats via NF-κB | (45) |
| Human | UC-MSC | let-7b | Human/Rat | Mø/diabetic rat | Modifying macrophage polarization and alleviating chronic inflammation | (46) |
| Mouse | MSC | miR-21 | Mouse | Mø/sepsis | Inducing macrophage M2 polarization and ameliorate sepsis | (47) |
| Mouse | BM-MSC | miR-150-5p | Human Mouse |
FLS/CIA | Decrease migration and invasion in FLS and reducing joint destruction in CIA mouse model | (48) |
| Rat | BM-MSC | miR-192-5p | Rat | CIA | Delay the inflammatory response in CIA model | (49) |
| Human | UC-MSC | miR-181a | Mouse | I/R injury | Possessing the immune-suppressing role and exerting a therapeutic effect on I/R injury | (50) |
| Human | UC-MSC | miR-181c | Rat | Mø/burn model | Attenuating burn-induced inflammation by inhibiting TLR4 pathway | (51) |
| Mouse | DC | miR-148a miR-451, et al. |
Mouse | DC | An inhibitory effect on target mRNAs of acceptor DC | (52) |
| Mouse | BM-DC | miR-155 miR-146 |
Mouse | BM-DC | miR-155 enhancing while miR-146a reducing inflammatory gene expression | (53) |
| Mouse | BM-DC | miR-146 | Mouse | EAMG | Suppressing ongoing clinical MG in mice and altering Th cell profiles | (54) |
| Mouse | BM-DC | miR-682 | Mouse | Renal allograft model | Promoting Tregs differentiation to induce immune tolerance after kidney transplantation | (55) |
| Human | M1 | miR-16-5p | Human | GC cell | Enhancing T cell immune response by regulating PD-L1 in GC | (56) |
| Human | Mø | miR-223 | Human | Monocytes | Inducing the differentiation of recipient monocytes | (57) |
| Human | TAM/ M2 |
miR-29a-3p miR-21-5p |
Human | CD4+ T cell | Inducing the Treg/Th17 cell imbalance in EOC | (58) |
| Mouse | Mø | miR-155 | Mouse | Cardiac fibroblasts | As a regulator for fibroblast proliferation and inflammation | (59) |
| Mouse | Mø | miR-21-3p miR-146a miR-146b |
Mouse | Pain model | Reducing paw swelling and relieving inflammatory response | (60) |
| Mouse | B cell | anti-miR-150 | Mouse | CD8+ T cell | Down-regulation of endogenous miR-150 | (61) |
| Mouse | B cell | anti-miR-155 | Mouse | Mø | Reduction in LPS-stimulated TNF-α production | (62) |
| Human | B cell | miR-155 | Human | Hepatocytes | Inhibition of HCV replication in hepatocytes from RA patients | (63) |
| Mouse | CD8+ Ts cell | miR-150 | Mouse | Te cell | Inhibition of the contact sensitivity of Te cell | (64) |
| Mouse | CD8+ Ts cell | miR-150 | Mouse | Mø | Modulation of Mφ antigen-presenting function |
(65) |
| Human | T cell | miR-142-3p | Human | Glandular cell | Impairment of the function of salivary gland epithelial cells | (66) |
| Human Mouse |
T cell | miR-142-3p miR-142-5p miR-155 |
Mouse | Pancreatic β cell/NOD mice | Promoting pancreatic β cell death and contributing to T1D development | (67) |
| Mouse | CD4+ T cell | miR-155-3p miR-25-3p miR-20a-5p |
Mouse | B cell | Control germinal center reaction and antibody production | (68) |
| Human | T cell line | miR-335 | Human | APC | Down-regulation of the target gene expression in APC | (69) |
| Mouse | Treg cell | let-7d | Mouse | Th1 cell | Suppression of Th1 cell proliferation and cytokine secretion | (70) |
Exo, exosome; miR, microRNA; UC-MSC, umbilical cord-derived MSC; Mø, macrophage; BM-MSC, bone marrow-derived MSC; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocyte; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; DC, dendritic cell; BM-DC, bone marrow-derived DC; MG, myasthenia gravis; EAMG, experimental autoimmune MG; Th, helper T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer; GC, gastric cancer; HCV, hepatitis C virus; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; Ts, suppressor T cell; Te, effector T cell; NOD, non-obese diabetic; T1D, type 1 diabetes; APC, antigen-presenting cell.