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. 2021 Dec 13;12:757096. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757096

Table 2.

Altered expression and potential roles of exosomal miRNAs in renal damage.

Disease Species Source Exo-miRNAs Potential roles Ref.
SLE/LN Human Urine miR-146a ↑ Discriminating the presence of active LN (9)
SLE/LN Human Urine miR-146a↑ As a biomarker of albuminuria and disease flares in LN of SLE (12)
LN Human
Mouse
Urine miR-26a ↑ As a marker of injured podocytes in autoimmune glomerulonephritis (94)
KD Dog Urine miR-10a/b ↓ Reflecting the changes in renal functions and histopathology (95)
LN Human Urine let-7a ↓
miR-21 ↓
Guiding the clinical stage of LN patients (96)
LN Human Urine miR-29c ↓ Negative correlation with glomerular sclerosis (13)
CKD Human Urine miR-29c ↓ As a noninvasive marker for renal fibrosis (97)
SLE/LN Human Urine miR-150 ↑
miR-21 ↑
miR-29c ↓
For early diagnosis of kidney fibrosis in LN (11)
LN Human Urine miR-3135b ↑
miR-654-5p ↑
miR-146a-5p ↑
As novel non-invasive diagnostic markers for LNIV-CC (98)
LN Human Urine miR-31 ↑
miR-107 ↑
miR-146a-5p ↑
Promising markers for clinical outcomes (99)
SLE Human Serum miR-451a ↓ Serving as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for SLE (100)
SLE Human Serum Hsa-miR-135b-5p ↑ As a promising diagnostic biomarker for SONFH in SLE (101)

Exo, exosome; miR, microRNA; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; KD, kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LNIV-CC, type IV lupus nephritis with cellular crescent; SONFH, steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head.