Table 2.
Altered expression and potential roles of exosomal miRNAs in renal damage.
| Disease | Species | Source | Exo-miRNAs | Potential roles | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLE/LN | Human | Urine | miR-146a ↑ | Discriminating the presence of active LN | (9) | ||
| SLE/LN | Human | Urine | miR-146a↑ | As a biomarker of albuminuria and disease flares in LN of SLE | (12) | ||
| LN | Human Mouse |
Urine | miR-26a ↑ | As a marker of injured podocytes in autoimmune glomerulonephritis | (94) | ||
| KD | Dog | Urine | miR-10a/b ↓ | Reflecting the changes in renal functions and histopathology | (95) | ||
| LN | Human | Urine | let-7a ↓ miR-21 ↓ |
Guiding the clinical stage of LN patients | (96) | ||
| LN | Human | Urine | miR-29c ↓ | Negative correlation with glomerular sclerosis | (13) | ||
| CKD | Human | Urine | miR-29c ↓ | As a noninvasive marker for renal fibrosis | (97) | ||
| SLE/LN | Human | Urine | miR-150 ↑ miR-21 ↑ miR-29c ↓ |
For early diagnosis of kidney fibrosis in LN | (11) | ||
| LN | Human | Urine | miR-3135b ↑ miR-654-5p ↑ miR-146a-5p ↑ |
As novel non-invasive diagnostic markers for LNIV-CC | (98) | ||
| LN | Human | Urine | miR-31 ↑ miR-107 ↑ miR-146a-5p ↑ |
Promising markers for clinical outcomes | (99) | ||
| SLE | Human | Serum | miR-451a ↓ | Serving as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for SLE | (100) | ||
| SLE | Human | Serum | Hsa-miR-135b-5p ↑ | As a promising diagnostic biomarker for SONFH in SLE | (101) | ||
Exo, exosome; miR, microRNA; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; KD, kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LNIV-CC, type IV lupus nephritis with cellular crescent; SONFH, steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head.