Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Hypertension Patients Included in the Study
| Variable | Total (n = 304) | No CKD (n = 213) | CKD (n = 91) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age-Median, IQR | 55 (48–63) | 55 (46–62) | 60 (50–65) | 0.02 |
| Age category (years)-n,% | 0.07# | |||
| 18–29 | 5 (1.6) | 5 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 30–39 | 21 (6.9) | 17 (8.0) | 4 (4.4) | |
| 40–49 | 63 (20.7) | 45 (21.1) | 18 (19.8) | |
| 50–59 | 92 (30.3) | 70 (32.9) | 22 (24.2) | |
| 60 and above | 123 (40.5) | 76 (35.7) | 47 (51.6) | |
| Age less than 60 | 181 (59.5) | 137 (64.3) | 44 (48.3) | 0.009 |
| Age over 60 | 123 (40.5) | 76 (35.7) | 47 (51.7) | |
| Gender- n,% | ||||
| Male | 97 (31.9) | 76 (35.7) | 21 (23.1) | 0.03 |
| Female | 207 (68.1) | 137 (64.3) | 70 (76.9) | |
| Educational level-n,% | ||||
| Never educated | 165 (54.3) | 102 (47.9) | 63 (69.2) | 0.001 |
| Some education | 139 (45.7) | 111 (52.1) | 28 (30.8) | |
| Occupation-n,% | ||||
| None | 114 (37.5) | 75 (35.2) | 39 (42.9) | 0.3 |
| Employed | 132 (43.4) | 93 (43.7) | 39 (42.9) | |
| Farmer | 55 (18.1) | 42 (19.7) | 13 (14.2) | |
| Missing | 3 (1.0%) | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital status-n,% | ||||
| Not married | 102 (33.6) | 67 (31.5) | 35 (38.5) | 0.24 |
| Married/cohabiting | 202 (66.4) | 146 (68.5) | 56 (61.5) | |
| Years since hypertension diagnosis-n,% | ||||
| 0–2years | 169 (55.6) | 124 (58.2) | 45 (49.4) | 0.16 |
| Over 2 years | 135 (44.4) | 89 (41.8) | 46 (50.6) | |
| Duration in the clinic (Months)-n,% | ||||
| Less than 12 months | 170 (55.9) | 129 (60.6) | 41 (45.1) | 0.02 |
| More than 12 months | 132 (43.4) | 84 (39.4) | 48 (52.7) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Family history of hypertension-n,% | ||||
| No | 81 (26.6) | 59 (27.7) | 22 (24.2) | 0.81 |
| Yes | 147 (48.4) | 101 (47.4) | 46 (50.5) | |
| Do not Know | 76 (25.0) | 53 (24.9) | 23 (25.3) | |
| Family history CKD-n,% | ||||
| No | 161 (53.0) | 110 (51.6) | 51 (56.0) | 0.36# |
| Yes | 9 (3.0) | 5 (2.4) | 4 (4.4) | |
| Do not Know | 134 (44.0) | 98 (46.0) | 36 (39.6) | |
| History of smoking-n,% | ||||
| No | 199 (65.5) | 137 (64.3) | 62 (68.1) | 0.52 |
| Yes | 105 (34.5) | 76 (35.7) | 29 (31.9) | |
| History of alcohol intake-n,% | ||||
| No | 205 (67.4) | 140 (65.7) | 65 (71.4) | 0.33 |
| Yes | 99 (32.6) | 73 (34.3) | 26 (28.6) | |
| History of Diabetes-n,% | ||||
| No | 270 (88.8) | 191 (89.7) | 79 (86.8) | 0.47 |
| Yes | 34 (11.2) | 22 (10.3) | 12 (13.2) | |
| History of heart failure-n,% | ||||
| No | 295 (97.1) | 207 (97.2) | 88 (96.7) | 0.79# |
| Yes | 8 (2.6) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (3.3) | |
| Do not Know | 1 (0.30) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Living with HIV-n,% | ||||
| No | 299 (98.4) | 211 (99.1) | 88 (96.7) | 0.16# |
| Yes | 5 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (3.3) | |
| History of previous stroke-n,% | ||||
| No | 281 (92.4) | 196 (92.0) | 85 (93.4) | 0.66 |
| Yes | 23 (7.6) | 17 (8.0) | 6 (6.6) | |
| Intake of non-prescribed medication for hypertension –n,% | ||||
| No | 250 (82.2) | 175 (82.4) | 75 (82.4) | 0.96 |
| Yes | 54 (17.8) | 38 (17.6) | 16 (17.6) | |
| Past Intake of herbal medications for hypertension-n,% | ||||
| No | 247 (81.2) | 174 (81.7) | 73 (80.2) | 0.76 |
| Yes | 57 (18.8) | 39 (18.3) | 18 (19.8) | |
| Current Intake of herbal medications for hypertension -n,% | ||||
| No | 293 (96.4) | 209 (98.1) | 84 (92.3) | 0.02# |
| Yes | 11 (3.6) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (7.7) | |
| Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -n,% | ||||
| No | 145 (47.7) | 97 (45.5) | 48 (52.7) | 0.18 |
| Yes | 100 (32.9) | 77 (36.2) | 23 (25.3) | |
| Do not Know | 59 (19.4) | 39 (18.3) | 20 (22.0) | |
| Normally add salt before eating-n,% | ||||
| Never | 79 (26.0) | 53 (24.9) | 26 (28.6) | 0.5 |
| Eat salt | 225 (74.0) | 160 (75.1) | 65 (71.4) | |
| Current number of anti-hypertensive drugs –n,% | ||||
| 1 | 20 (6.6) | 12 (5.6) | 8 (8.9) | 0.52 |
| 2 | 201 (66.1) | 144 (67.6) | 57 (62.6) | |
| 3 or more | 82 (27.0) | 56 (26.3) | 26 (28.5) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Current use of ACE Inhibitors-n,% | ||||
| No | 199 (65.5) | 141 (66.2) | 58 (63.7) | 0.68 |
| Yes | 105 (34.5) | 72 (33.8) | 33 (36.3) | |
| Currently taking NSAIDs-n,% | ||||
| No | 261 (85.9) | 182 (85.4) | 79 (86.8) | 0.75 |
| Yes | 43 (14.1) | 31 (14.6) | 12 (13.2) | |
| Median BMI (kg/m2)-median, IQR | 26.2 (22.4–30.5) | 25.7 (21.9–30.1) | 28.0 (24.0–31.0) | 0.008c |
| BMI category (kg/m2)-n,% | ||||
| Underweight (below 18.5 kg/m2) | 9 (3.0) | 7 (3.3) | 2 (2.2) | 0.02# |
| Normal (18.5-<25 kg/m2) | 114 (37.5) | 91 (42.7) | 23 (25.3) | |
| Overweight (25.0-<30 kg/m2) | 88 (28.9) | 54 (25.4) | 34 (37.4) | |
| Obesity (30.0 kg/m2 and above) | 85 (28.0) | 56 (26.3 | 29 (31.9) | |
| Missing | 8 (2.6) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (3.2) | |
| Most recent systolic blood pressure (mmHg)-Median, IQR | 158 (143–177) | 158 (143–177) | 158 (143–177) | 0.78c |
| Most recent diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)-Median, IQR | 99 (92–109) | 99 (93–109) | 98 (90–109) | 0.22c |
| Most recent blood glucose (mg/dl)-Median, IQR | 5.7 (4.9–7.2) | 5.7 (4.9–7.2) | 5.4 (4.8–6.8) | 0.21c |
| Hypertension grade-n,% | ||||
| Normal (<140 and <90 mmHg) | 39 (12.8) | 26 (12.2) | 13 (14.3) | 0.88 |
| Grade 1 (140–159 and/or 90–99 mmHg) | 82 (27.0) | 57 (26.8) | 25 (27.4) | |
| Grade 2 (160–179 and/or 100–109 mmHg) | 79 (26.0) | 58 (27.2) | 21 (23.1) | |
| Grade 3 (≥180 and/or ≥110 mmHg) | 104 (34.2) | 72 (33.8) | 32 (35.2) |
Notes: *Chi2 tests unless otherwise stated #Fishers exact test, cWilcoxon rank-sum test. Bold P-value less than 0.05.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; IQR, interquartile range; %, percentage; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; n, number; BMI, body mass index; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme.