Table 3.
In vivo efficacy of nanoparticles against H. contortus.
| Nanoparticle | Bioassay | Biological species | Size (nm) | Concentration (mg/kg) | Time (days) | Efficacy (%) | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoemulsion-chitosan EO | FECR Worm burden | Cymbopogon citratus | 248 | 450 | 0 15 | 80 64 83.1 |
Sheep | (23) |
| Chitosan-encapsulated EO (EncEs) | Worm burden | Eucalyptus staigeriana | N/A | 500 | N/A | 40.51 | Mongolian gerbils | (17) |
| 365 | 30 | 83.75 | Sheep | (15) | ||||
| Solid lipid nanocarriers (nanoTTO) |
Worm burden | Melaleuca alternifolia | 287 | 0.20 0.50 |
N/A | 4.09 48.64 |
Mongolian gerbils | (19) |
| Encapsulated bromelain | FECR | N/A | N/A | 3 10 30 |
28 | 5 56.6 68.8 |
Goats | (32) |
| Chitosan encapsulated EcEO | FECR | Eucalyptus citriodora | N/A | 250 | 10 | 40.5 | Sheep | (16) |
| Encapsulated oils anethole + carvone | FECR | N/A | N/A | 50 | 45 | Significantly reduced FEC | Sheep | (27) |
| Polycaprolactone thio1 nanoparticles (nano thio1) | FECR | Tagetes patula L. | N/A | 2,5 | 30 | Kept the parasitic load stable | Sheep | (28) |
| EPG | 2.5 | 30 | 45% | Sheep | (28) | |||
| Nanoemulsion chitosan |
EPG | E. staigeriana | 277 | 0.25 | 180 | No significant difference was observed | Sheep | (21) |
Key: N/A, data not available; EO, essential oil; nanoTTO, nano tea tree oil; FECR, fecal egg count reduction; EPG, eggs per gram of feces.