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. 2021 Dec 13;12:763098. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763098

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Copyright © 2021 Haslbauer, Zinner, Stalder, Schneeberger, Menter, Bassetti, Mertz, Went, Matter and Tzankov

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cluster Analysis of Gene Expression Profiling in COVID-19. (A) Marked dysregulation of angiogenesis-related genes in COVID-19 compared to controls; upregulation of ANG, ANGPT2, AGT, ANGPTL1 ANGPT1, BMPER, SERPINF1 and PECAM1; note that COVID-19 cases cluster together, indicating concordance between individual cases. Individual p-values to be found in Supplementary Materials 2.5 . (B) Customized gene set enrichment and clustering analysis of related markers analyzed also by immunohistochemistry shows distinct clustering between COVID-19 and controls: downregulation of CR2 (encodes CD21), TBX21 (encodes Tbet) and LEF1; upregulation of plasmablast genes IRF4, MZB1, XBP1, PRDM1 and SLAMF7; upregulation of angiogenesis related genes (CD34 and VEGF) and of VWF; downregulation of LYZ (encoding for lysozyme) and upregulation of CD163 indicating M2 polarization of macrophages. Note that COVID-19 cases cluster together, indicating concordance between individual cases.