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. 2021 Dec 13;11:744606. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744606

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Copyright © 2021 Ahmad Kendong, Raja Ali, Nawawi, Ahmad and Mokhtar

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The possible pathway of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). Inflammatory diet (high fat and sugar diet), endogenous N-nitroso compound (NOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heterocyclic amines (HCA), heme, stress, F. nucleatum and B. fragilis toxin (BFT), produced by enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF), induced inflammation through stimulation of inflammatory cytokines and causes (i) the activation of β-catenin and STAT3 signaling pathway; and the activation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) pathway (Nakamura et al., 2019).