Table 2.
Pooled effects of CBT on the mood disorders, sleep, fatigue, and QOL in PD patients.
| N | SMD [95% CI] | I 2 | p | N | SMD [95% CI] | I 2 | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | |||||||||||
| All studies | 621 | −0.93 [−1.19, −0.67] | 50 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Duration | <8 w | 70 | −0.19 [−0.66, 0.28] | 0 | 0.43 | Region | Europe | 168 | −0.57 [−1.04, −0.11] | 48 | 0.02 |
| 8–10 w | 97 | −1.16 [−1.61, −0.70] | 0 | <0.001 | North America | 354 | −1.05 [−1.39, −0.70] | 48 | <0.001 | ||
| >10 w | 454 | −1.05 [−1.36, −0.74] | 52 | <0.001 | Australia | 99 | −1.16 [−1.60, −0.72] | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| Treatment format | Group | 104 | −0.41 [−0.81, −0.01] | 0 | 0.04 | Delivery methods | Off-line | 193 | −0.84 [−1.28, −0.40] | 50 | <0.001 |
| Non-group | 517 | −1.09 [−1.36, −0.82] | 43 | <0.001 | On-line | 257 | −0.84 [−1.28, −0.40] | 47 | 0.0002 | ||
| Anxiety | |||||||||||
| All studies | 383 | −0.76 [−0.97, −0.55] | 0 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Duration | <8 w | 38 | −0.43 [−1.07, 0.21] | – | 0.19 | Region | Europe | 168 | −0.60 [−0.91, −0.28] | 0 | 0.0002 |
| 8–10 w | 43 | −0.72 [−1.36, −0.09] | 0 | 0.03 | North America | 170 | −0.94 [−1.26, −0.62] | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| >10 w | 302 | −0.81 [−1.05, −0.57] | 0 | <0.001 | Australia | 45 | −0.73 [−1.35, −0.11] | 0 | 0.02 | ||
| Treatment format | Group | 92 | −0.65 [−1.08, −0.23] | 0 | 0.003 | Delivery methods | Off-line | 127 | −0.66 [−1.03, −0.30] | 0 | 0.0004 |
| Non-group | 291 | −0.80 [−1.04, −0.55] | 0 | <0.001 | On-line | 165 | −0.72 [−1.03, −0.40] | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| Sleep | |||||||||||
| All studies | 265 | −0.45 [−0.70, −0.20] | 0 | 0.0004 | |||||||
| Insomnia | 141 | −0.66 [−1.01, −0.32] | 0 | 0.0002 | Duration | <8 w | 108 | −0.61 [−1.01, −0.21] | 0 | 0.003 | |
| Sleep quality | 104 | −0.20 [−0.59, 0.18] | 0 | 0.3 | >10 w | 157 | −0.35 [−0.66, −0.03] | 0 | 0.03 | ||
| Treatment format | Group | 48 | −0.52 [−1.13, 0.08] | 3 | 0.09 | Delivery methods | Off-line | 48 | −0.52 [−1.13, 0.08] | 3 | 0.09 |
| Non-group | 217 | −0.43 [−0.70, −0.16] | 0 | 0.002 | On-line | 137 | −0.55 [−0.90, −0.21] | 0 | 0.002 | ||
| QOL | |||||||||||
| All studies | 404 | 0.20 [−0.06, 0.46] | 30 | 0.12 | |||||||
| Duration | <8 w | 68 | −0.44 [−1.28, 0.40] | 57 | 0.3 | Varied scales | PDQ | 315 | 0.14 [−0.16, 0.45] | 37 | 0.36 |
| 8–10 w | 80 | 0.06 [−0.39, 0.51] | 0 | 0.79 | Others | 89 | 0.42 [−0.01, 0.84] | 0 | 0.05 | ||
| >10 w | 256 | 0.44 [0.20, 0.69] | 0 | 0.0005 | |||||||
| Fatigue | Apathy | ||||||||||
| All studies | 32 | −0.22 [−0.92, 0.49] | 0 | 0.55 | All studies | 18 | −0.62 [−1.58, 0.33] | – | 0.2 | ||
| Negative thoughts | Psychiatric rating | ||||||||||
| All studies | 82 | −0.35 [−0.79, 0.09] | – | 0.12 | All studies | 18 | −1.46 [−2.53, −0.39] | – | 0.008 | ||
| Functioning and well-being | Self-efficacy | ||||||||||
| All studies | 77 | −0.60 [−1.05, −0.14] | – | 0.01 | All studies | 77 | −0.13 [−0.31, 0.58] | – | 0.56 | ||
CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; N, number of participants; PDQ, The Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire; QOL, quality of life; SMD, standard mean difference; w, week.