Table 1.
General demographic characteristics of case and control
| Variables | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | All groups | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 178) | (n = 688) | (n = 206) | 1 vs 2 | 1 vs 3 | 2 vs 3 | ||
| Age (year) | 68 (61–77) | 75 (66–81) | 73 (65–81) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.171 |
| Sex (M/F) | 101 (56.74%)/77 (43.26%) | 430 (62.50%)/258 (37.50%) | 101 (49.03%)/105 (50.97%) | 0.002 | 0.16 | 0.131 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.58 ± 16.97 | 130.85 ± 20.28 | 128.00 ± 17.77 | 0.13 | 0.094 | 0.452 | 0.06 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.38 ± 10.99 | 76.60 ± 12.54 | 76.46 ± 12.21 | 0.516 | 0.386 | 0.996 | 0.355 |
| Pulse rate (PR, beats /per minute) | 80 ± 14 | 85 ± 14 | 87 ± 14 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.498 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) | 25 (23–28) | 25 (22–28) | 24 (21–28) | 0.097 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.319 |
| Smoking status (n, SD/%) | |||||||
| Smoking index (SI) | 284.09 ± 496.40 | 223.27 ± 399.29 | 172.74 ± 346.47 | 0.41 | 0.436 | 0.19 | 0.028 |
| Smoker | 34 (19.10%) | 88 (12.79%) | 12 (5.83%) | 0.004 | 0.031 | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Ex-smoker | 35 (19.66%) | 162 (23.55%) | 45 (21.84%) | 0.523 | 0.271 | 0.6 | 0.611 |
| length of stay (LOS) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (7–11) | 8 (7–10) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.606 |
| Complications | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | 36 (20.22%) | 158 (22.97%) | 41 (19.90%) | 0.541 | 0.434 | 0.937 | 0.354 |
| Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) | 46 (25.84%) | 530 (77.03%) | 61 (29.61%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.411 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 88 (49.43%) | 404 (58.72%) | 142 (68.93%) | < 0.001 | 0.026 | < 0.001 | 0.008 |
| History of cerebral infarction | 39 (21.91%) | 153 (22.24%) | 27 (13.17%) | 0.015 | 0.925 | 0.023 | 0.004 |
| Procalcitonin (PCT, ng/mL) | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | 0.05 (0.03–0.08) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.752 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/L) | 3.60 (1.57–6.54) | 11.69 (4.08–36.28) | 9.71 (3.50–25.30) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.092 |
| Interleukin 6 (IL-6, pg/mL) | 4.93 (2.18–9.73) | 9.52 (3.67–30.48) | 8.54 (3.44–21.65) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.7 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 140 (128–150) | 114 (118–144) | 134 (116–150) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.147 |
| White blood cell count (WBC, × 109 /L) | 6.43 (5.65–7.84) | 7.15 (5.83–9.06) | 6.84 (5.41–8.34) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.013 |
|
Red blood cell count (RBC, × 1012 /L) |
4.64 (4.21–4.97) | 3.96 (4.41–4.85) | 4.45 (3.98–5.04) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.434 | 0.4 |
| Red cell Ddistribution width (RDW, %) | 13.2 (12.7–13.8) | 13.5 (12.9–14.6) | 13.9 (13.2–15.5) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.164 | < 0.001 |
| Mean platelet volume (MPV, fL) | 11.4 (10.1–12.9) | 10.9 (10.0–12.6) | 11.3 (10.3–12.8) | 0.086 | 0.109 | 0.999 | 0.065 |
| Fibrinogen degrdtion products (FDP, μg/mL) | 1.01 (0.65–1.64) | 1.83 (1.08–3.52) | 2.05 (1.14–3.28) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.499 |
| D-Dimer (DD, ng/mL) | 142 (85–241) | 250 (148–488) | 264 (154–501) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.743 |
| Albumin (ALB, g/L) | 40.2 (37.7–43.8) | 37.3 (33.6–41.1) | 37.1 (33.2–40.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.513 |
| Abnormal albumin globulin ratio (A/G) | 1.31 (1.13–1.56) | 1.20 (1.06–1.39) | 1.17 (1.03–1.348) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.091 |
| Triglyceride (TG, mmol/L) | 1.35 (1.05–1.93) | 1.12 (0.81–1.57) | 1.08 (0.79–1.50) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.41 |
| Total cholesterol (TC, mmol/L) | 3.96 (3.43–4.61) | 3.63 (3.04–4.28) | 3.66 (3.04–4.33) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.842 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol l(HDL-C, mmol/L) | 1.03 (0.86–1.26) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 1.04 (0.81–1.31) | 0.915 | 0.701 | 0.683 | 0.994 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, mmol/L) | 2.58 (2.01–3.15) | 2.27 (1.77–2.84) | 2.26 (1.74–2.91) | 0.007 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.841 |
| Total bilirubin (TBIL, μmol/L) | 11.2 (8.4–14.7) | 11.5 (8.8–15.5) | 13.2 (9.5–18.8) | < 0.001 | 0.473 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP, pg/mL) | 93.4 (3.59–316.69) | 273.53 (83.31–1023.70) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mild (n, %) | 75 (36.41%) | ||||||
| Moderate (n, %) | 81 (39.32%) | ||||||
| Severe (n, %) | 50 (24.27%) | ||||||
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP, mmHg) | 61 (48–76) | ||||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LEDV, mL) | 46.57 ± 4.45 | ||||||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %) | 61.01 ± 5.76 | ||||||
| Pulmonary artery internal dimension (PAD, mm) | 28.92 ± 5.40 | ||||||