TABLE 1.
Study population characteristics
| Nonsarcopenic subjects n = 138(%) | Sarcopenic subjects n = 89(%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 64.9 ± 4.2 | 65.7 ± 4.7 | 0.287 |
| Age category, y | |||
| 60–64 | 70 (62.5) | 42 (37.5) | 0.858 |
| 65–70 | 54 (58.7) | 38 (41.3) | |
| ≥ 70 | 14 (60.9) | 9 (39.1) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male (n = 154) | 82 (53.2) | 72 (46.8) | <0.001 |
| Female (n = 73) | 56 (76.7) | 17 (23.3) | |
| Gait speed, (m/s) | |||
| < 0.8 (n = 195) | 122 (62.6) | 73 (37.4) | 0.241 |
| > 0.8 (n = 32) | 16 (50) | 16 (50) | |
| Education | |||
| Primary education (n = 55) | 38 (69.1) | 17 (30.9) | 0.221 |
| Secondary and higher secondary education (n = 103) | 64 (62.1) | 39 (37.9) | |
| Graduation and above (n = 69) | 35 (50.7) | 34 (49.3) | |
| Social support status | |||
| Living alone (n = 11) | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.208 |
| Living with spouse or children (n = 129) | 129 (59.7) | 87 (40.3) | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| Upper and middle class (n = 160) | 95 (59.4) | 65 (40.6) | 0.509 |
| Upper lower class (n = 67) | 40 (59.7) | 27 (40.3) | |
| Lower class (n = 0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Exercise level based on IPAQ | |||
| Inactive (n = 187) | 118 (63.1) | 69 (36.9) | 0.123 |
| Minimally active (n = 40) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| No comorbidities (n = 99) | 62 (62.6) | 37 (37.4) | 0.354 |
| Diabetes (n = 76) | 45 (59.2) | 31 (40.8) | 0.837 |
| Hypertension (n = 94) | 55 (58.5) | 39 (41.5) | 0.642 |
| Smoking history | |||
| Current smoking or past smoking history (n = 42) | 23 (54.8) | 19 (45.2) | 0.387 |
| No history of smoking (n = 185) | 115 (62.2) | 70 (37.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Current/past consumption (n = 23) | 16 (69.6) | 7 (30.4) | 0.500 |
| No alcohol consumption (n = 204) | 122 (59.8) | 82 (40.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.14 ± 3.54 | 22.32 ± 3.09 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (< 18.5; n = 10) | 1 (10) | 9 (90) | <0.001 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9; n = 112) | 46 (41.1) | 66 (58.9) | |
| Overweight (> 25; n = 105) | 91 (86.7) | 14 (13.3) | |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.2 ± 1.50 | 13.2 ± 1.46 | 0.793 |
| Vitamin D levels (N = 30–75 ng/ml) | 23.3 ± 10.3 | 27.03 ± 11.4 | 0.012 |
| Creatinine (N = 0.6–1.4 mg/dl) | 0.87 ± 0.24 | 0.92 ± 0.24 | 0.177 |
| TSH (N = 0.55–4.78 m IU/ml) | 3.15 ± 2.88 | 3.52 ± 2.36 | 0.464 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.41 ± 1.34 | 6.57 ± 1.24 | 0.247 |
| Dietary pattern, 24 h | |||
| Calorie intake, Kcal | 1756 ± 379.1 | 1749.8 ± 321.4 | 0.877 |
| Protein intake, g | 53.7 ± 17.7 | 50.8 ± 15.1 | 0.229 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 306.9 ± 95.8 | 304.8 ± 73.7 | 0.858 |
| Fat intake, g | 36.4 ± 12.33 | 35.7 ± 10.9 | 0.625 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire