Table 5.

Metabolites perturbed in both INS-1 832/13 cells and pancreatic islets exposed to arsenicals as compared to the corresponding unexposed controls (Ctrl)

Metabolitesa	FC in INS-1 832/13 Cellsb			FC in Isletsb
	iAsIII vs Ctrl	MAsIII vs Ctrl	DMAsIII vs Ctrl	iAsIII vs Ctrl	MAsIII vs Ctrl	DMAsIII vs Ctrl
Acetylcarnitine	−1.8	−1.6	−1.8		−1.2	−1.3
Glutamic acid		−1.5	−1.6	−1.0
Aspartic acid		3.6		−1.1
Glutathione reduced			−10.6			−2.1
Hypoxanthine			−2.7	−1.0
Methylthioadenosine			−1.9		−1.6
Leucine			−1.8	−1.0
Ornithine			−1.8			−1.3
Valine			−1.4	−1.1
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid			1.4			1.0
Azelaic acid			1.4	1.0
Suberic acid			1.4	1.0	−1.0	1.0
Betaine	−1.3				−2.1

^aThe metabolites correspond to section A of Venn diagram in Fig. 7. The criteria for identification of differentially altered metabolites were VIP≥ 1.0 and p<0.05 for INS-1 832/13 cells and VIP≥ 1.0 or p<0.05 or |FC|>2.0 for the islets.

^bFC, fold change, the ratio of intensity between the arsenical-treated vs control INS-1 832/13 cells or islets, based on the mean, indicates the direction and magnitude of the metabolites impacted by arsenical treatments; positive FC indicates increase compared to control and negative FC indicates decrease compared to control. Lack of FC value (gray area) indicates that the metabolite did not satisfy the above criteria.