Table 1.
General Characteristics of the Participants According to Smoking Status (N=152)
| Variable | Category | Never Smoking (n=82) | Quit Smoking (n=47) | Current Smoking (n=23) | F (p) or X2 (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.83±13.20 | 58.36±12.14 | 52.52±8.96 | 5.33 (0.006) | |
| Education duration, years | 11.43±3.88 | 12.55±3.65 | 14.39±2.86 | 6.12 (0.005) | |
| Sex | Male | 17 (20.7) | 41 (87.2) | 20 (87.0) | 66.67 (<0.001) |
| Female | 65 (79.3) | 6 (12.8) | 3 (13.0) | ||
| Economic status | High | 2 (2.4) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (4.3) | 3.31 (0.507) |
| Middle | 61 (74.4) | 38 (80.9) | 20 (87.0) | ||
| Low | 19 (23.2) | 7 (14.9) | 2 (7.1) | ||
| Marital status | Married | 58 (70.7) | 35 (74.5) | 18 (78.3) | 0.59 (0.744) |
| Single/others | 24 (29.3) | 12 (25.5) | 5 (21.7) | ||
| Chronic illness† | Arthritis | 29 (35.4) | 4 (8.5) | 3 (13.0) | 13.62 (0.001) |
| Neuralgia | 9 (11.0) | 3 (6.4) | 1 (4.3) | 1.05 (0.614)⁋ | |
| Respiratory disease | 6 (7.3) | 3 (6.4) | 3 (13.0) | 1.21 (0.591)⁋ | |
| Vascular disease | 24 (29.3) | 12 (25.5) | 7 (30.4) | 0.27 (0.880) | |
| Metabolic syndrome markers† | Central obesity | 73 (89.0) | 35 (74.5) | 19 (82.6) | 4.59 (0.087) ⁋ |
| High triglycerides | 52 (63.4) | 28 (59.6) | 17 (73.9) | 1.39 (0.510) | |
| Low HDL-C | 43 (52.4) | 28 (59.6) | 9 (39.1) | 2.59 (0.270) | |
| Insulin resistance | 45 (54.9) | 31 (66.0) | 14 (60.9) | 1.55 (0.447) | |
| High BP | 70 (85.4) | 40 (85.1) | 15 (65.2) | 4.85 (0.078) ⁋ | |
| Perceived health status | Poor | 43 (52.4) | 28 (59.6) | 12 (52.2) | 4.61 (0.327) ⁋ |
| Average | 23 (28.0) | 12 (25.5) | 10 (43.5) | ||
| Good | 16 (19.5) | 7 (14.9) | 1 (4.3) | ||
Notes: Data are Mean±SD or n (%) values; †multiple responses; ⁋Fisher’s exact test. Abbreviations: Low HDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; High BP, high blood pressure.