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. 2021 Dec 27;14(Suppl 4):i72–i84. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab192

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Kidney replacement therapy (e.g. HD) represents only one component of a complex array of considerations in the management of end-stage CKD. The cyclical fluctuations of various physiological processes that accompany intermittent schedules represent a repetitive, unphysiological stress condition for the patient, impacting both outcomes and quality of life.