Table 1.
Demographic data, baseline characteristics of patients with and without AKI during colistin treatment.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 412) | AKI (n = 282) | Non-AKI (n = 130) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 61.5 ± 18.9 | 65.6 ± 17.1 | 52.6 ± 19.7 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 247 (60.2) | 172 (61.0) | 75 (57.7) | 0.646 |
| Actual BW (kg)a | 55.8 ± 13.2 | 55.5 ± 12.5 | 56.5 ± 14.6 | 0.456 |
| IBW (kg)a | 58.4 ± 9.47 | 57.8 ± 9.46 | 59.4 ± 9.42 | 0.111 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 21.5 ± 4.78 | 21.5 ± 4.61 | 21.5 ± 5.14 | 0.892 |
| Underlying disease, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 134 (32.5) | 104 (36.9) | 30 (23.1) | 0.005 |
| CKD | 96 (23.3) | 79 (28.0) | 17 (13.1) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 90 (21.8) | 73 (25.9) | 17 (13.1) | 0.003 |
| Coronary artery disease | 41 (9.95) | 38 (13.5) | 3 (2.31) | <0.001 |
| On respirator, n (%) | 251 (60.9) | 173 (61.7) | 78 (60.0) | 0.794 |
| SOFA scoreb | 4.5 (2–7) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (2–6) | 0.004 |
| Septic shock, n (%) | 89 (21.6) | 67 (23.8) | 22 (16.9) | 0.117 |
| Concomitant drugs, n (%) | ||||
| Vancomycin | 152 (36.9) | 121 (42.9) | 31 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 110 (26.7) | 87 (30.9) | 23 (17.7) | 0.005 |
| Vasopressors | 102 (24.8) | 79 (28.0) | 23 (17.7) | 0.024 |
| Radiological contrast media | 23 (5.58) | 18 (6.38) | 5 (3.85) | 0.297 |
| Amphotericin B | 19 (4.61) | 15 (5.32) | 4 (3.08) | 0.313 |
| NSAIDS | 6 (1.46) | 4 (1.42) | 2 (1.54) | 1.000 |
| Aminoglycoside | 9 (2.18) | 7 (2.48) | 2 (1.54) | 0.726 |
| ACEI | 8 (1.94) | 7 (2.48) | 1 (0.77) | 0.444 |
| ARB | 1 (0.24) | 1 (0.35) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Number of concomitant drugs, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 concomitant drug | 147 (35.7) | 102 (36.2) | 45 (34.6) | |
| 2 concomitant drugs | 86 (20.9) | 74 (26.2) | 12 (9.23) | |
| 3 concomitant drugs | 29 (7.04) | 23 (8.16) | 6 (4.62) | |
| 4 concomitant drugs | 6 (1.46) | 5 (1.77) | 1 (0.77) | |
| Baseline laboratory | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)a | 9.39 ± 1.69 | 9.29 ± 1.67 | 9.59 ± 1.73 | 0.095 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL)a | 2.64 ± 0.69 | 2.60 ± 0.71 | 2.74 ± 0.63 | 0.046 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL)b | 2.17 ± 5.04 | 2.52 ± 5.86 | 1.42 ± 2.28 | 0.040 |
| Mean serum creatinine (mg/dL)a | 1.16 ± 1.08 | 1.25 ± 1.11 | 0.97 ± 1.00 | 0.015 |
| Median serum creatine (mg/dL)b | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.67 (0.5–1.1) | 0.015 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)a | 82.5 ± 40.2 | 75.9 ± 37.9 | 96.8 ± 41.6 | <0.001 |
| Severe sepsis, n (%) | ||||
| Lactate >18 mg/dL | 75 (18.2) | 60 (21.3) | 15 (11.5) | 0.017 |
| Baseline eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2, n (%) | 127 (30.8) | 100 (35.5) | 27 (20.8) | 0.005 |
| AKI before colistin administration | 31 (7.52) | 20 (7.10) | 11 (8.46) | |
| AKI on top CKD | 87 (21.1) | 80 (28.4) | 7 (5.38) | |
| CKD without AKI | 9 (2.18) | 0 (0) | 9 (6.92) | |
| Oliguria ≥2 hours before colistin, n (%) | 10 (2.43) | 10 (3.55) | 0 (0) | 0.030 |
| Site of infection, n (%) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 288 (69.9) | 196 (69.5) | 92 (70.8) | 0.795 |
| Urinary tract infection | 36 (8.74) | 27 (9.57) | 9 (6.92) | 0.376 |
| Septicemia | 35 (8.50) | 23 (8.16) | 12 (9.23) | 0.716 |
| Soft tissue infection | 75 (18.2) | 52 (18.4) | 23 (17.7) | 0.855 |
| Type of microorganism, n (%) | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | 268 (65.1) | 186 (66.0) | 82 (63.1) | 0.569 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR) | 49 (11.9) | 35 (12.4) | 14 (10.8) | 0.632 |
| Klebsiella pneumonia (MDR) | 19 (4.61) | 14 (4.96) | 5 (3.85) | 0.802 |
Note. aMean ± SD, SD; standard deviation, bmedian (interquartile range: IQR). AKI: acute kidney injury, IBW: ideal body weight, BMI: body mass index, CKD: chronic kidney disease, SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment, ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers, NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, and MDR: multidrug-resistant.