Table 2. Participant characteristics.
M, male; f, female; N, number; SD, standard deviation; nmol/L, nanomole per liter; umol/L, micromole per liter; mg/dL, milligram per deciliter; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; FDP, fibrinogen degradation product
| Variable | N (%)/mean ± SD | Comment |
| Hospitalized patients/outpatients | 237 (90%)/29 (10%) | Only hospitalized patients were included in the analysis. |
| Gender (M/F) | 119 (50%)/118 (50%) | |
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 15.7 (range: 22–99) years | |
| COVID-PCR (positive/negative) | 227 (96%)/10 (4%) | 9/10 with negative PCR had severe respiratory symptoms (cough/difficulty breathing). |
| Flu/COVID-19 vaccination | 7/230, 5/232 | |
| Days unwell at enrolment | 4 ± 3 (range: 1–30) | |
| Vitamin D level (nmol/L) | 24.1 ± 9.2 (range: 2–64) | |
| Vitamin D categories (Figure 2) | ||
| Severely deficient (<25 nmol/L) | 131 (55%) | The majority were deficient in vitamin D; half were severely deficient. |
| Deficient (25–50 nmol/L) | 99 (42%) | |
| Insufficient (51–75 nmol/L) | 7 (3%) | |
| Optimal (>75 nmol/L) | None | |
| Zinc (umol/L) | 17.6 ± 4.4 (range: 5–34) | |
| Deficient (<14 umol/L) | 49 (21%) | |
| Normal (14–23 umol/L) | 169 (71%) | |
| Excess (>23 umol/L) | 19 (8%) | |
| Mg (mg/dL) | 1.88 ± 0.27 | |
| Deficient (<1.7 mg/dL) | 48 (20%) | |
| Normal (1.7–2.2 mg/dL) | 177 (75%) | |
| Excess (>2.2 mg/dL) | 12 (5%) |
| Variable | N (%) |
| Comorbidities (1+) | 172 (73%) |
| Diabetes | 82 (35%) |
| Heart disease | 86 (36%) |
| Lung disease | 56 (34%) |
| Heavy smoker | 98 (41%) |
| Cancer | 10 (4%) |
| Autoimmune disease | 7 (3%) |
| Biomarkers (cardiopulmonary – abnormal) | |
| Prothrombin | 28 (12%) |
| D-dimer | 40 (17%) |
| Fibrin + FDP | 37 (16%) |
| Troponin | 46 (19%) |
| BNP | 32 (14%) |