TABLE 4.

How causal loop diagrams were intended to be used (Canada, 2021).

First author/citation	How were CLDS primarily intended to be used
	Inform policy	Identify leverage points systems change	Inform practice	For system dynamic modelling	Measure or evaluate	Stakeholder engagement to take action	To illustrate complexity	To inform future research	To enhance theory
Allender [47]			✓			✓
Araz [45]	✓			✓
Bensberg [35]	✓	✓	✓
Bradley [34]	✓	✓
Brereton [28]	✓	✓	✓
Brown [48]					✓
Burrell [36]	✓	✓	✓						✓
Clarke [37]	✓	✓	✓						✓
Crielaard [26]	✓		✓	✓
Eker [27]	✓			✓			✓
Gerritsen [41]		✓					✓
Hassmiller Lich [46]		✓				✓
Jalali [38]	✓		✓	✓
Klement [29]							✓
Knai [30]		✓	✓				✓	✓
Maitland [42]					✓		✓	✓
Osman [31]		✓	✓		✓
Owen [39]			✓		✓
Parmar [40]	✓	✓	✓
Riley [43]		✓	✓
Sahin [32]		✓					✓
Swierad [44]	✓		✓			✓		✓
Urwannachotima [33]	✓			✓			✓
Allender [47]			✓			✓
Araz [45]	✓			✓					·
Bensberg [35]	✓	✓	✓
Bradley [34]	✓	✓
Brereton [28]	✓	✓	✓
Brown [48]					✓
Burrell [36]	✓	✓	✓						✓
Clarke [37]	✓	✓	✓						✓
Crielaard [26]	✓		✓	✓
Eker [27]	✓			✓			✓
Gerritsen [41]		✓					✓
Hassmiller Lich [46]		✓				✓
Jalali [38]	✓		✓	✓
Klement [29]							✓
Knai [30]		✓	✓				✓	✓
Maitland [42]					✓		✓	✓
Osman [31]		✓	✓		✓
Owen [39]			✓		✓
Parmar [40]	✓	✓	✓
Riley [43]		✓	✓
Sahin [32]		✓					✓
Swierad [44]	✓		✓			✓		✓
Urwannachotima [33]	✓			✓			✓