Table 1.

Overview of included studies.

Reference	Research object	Intervention	PDHC activity change	Major effect on metabolism in sepsis
Mainali et al. (7)	Hepatocytes of male C57BL/6J	Dichloroacetate	↑	Dysregulated hepatocyte metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction were reversed
Bakalov et al. (20)	Drosophila	Dichloroacetate	↑	Normalized lactate and TCA metabolites, and improved lifespan
Vary (21)	Hindlimb skeletal muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats	Escherichia coli plus bacteroides fragilis	↓	Sustained hyperlactatemia
Vary et al. (37)	Hindlimb skeletal muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats	TNF binding protein	↑	Hyperlactatemia were prevented
L'Her and Sebert (38)	Blood from the internal jugular vein and lateral gastrocnemius muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats	Dichloroacetate	↑	Lactate content was decreased and glucose content was increased
Tan et al. (42)	Bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 male mice	PDK1 siRNA	↑	M1 was diminished, whereas M2 activation and mitochondrial respiration was enhanced
McCall et al. (51)	Splenocyte and hepatocyte from C57BL/6 male mice	Dichloroacetate	↑	Mitochondrial oxidative bioenergetics was increased, vascular and organ homeostasis was promoted, and survival rate was increased
Giacalone et al. (60)	Three patients with severe lactic acidosis	Thiamine	↑	A rapid and marked restoration of acid-base balance
Burns et al. (63)	Hearts from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats	Amrinone or dichloroacetate	↑	Myocardial ATP levels were elevated, and myocardial oxidation of glucose was enhanced
Vary (64)	Hindlimb skeletal muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats	Amrinone	↑	Reduced lactate concentrations