Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics in study participants
| Characteristics | All (n=741) | Training (n=593) | Validation (n=148) |
|---|---|---|---|
| The main input #1 included 43 variables | |||
| Age(SD), y | 66.0(11.0) | 66.0(11.0) | 65.8(11.0) |
| Female, n(%) | 241(32.5) | 293(32.6) | 48(32.4) |
| White, n(%) | 575(77.6) | 465(78.4) | 110(74.3) |
| LVEF(SD), % | 27.5(8.7) | 27.6(8.6) | 27.4(9.2) |
| Weight(SD), kg | 87.4(20.8) | 87.4(20.4) | 87.2(22.3) |
| Height(SD), cm | 171.6(10.3) | 171.8(10.3) | 170.9(10.3) |
| Body mass index (SD), kg/m2 | 29.6(6.2) | 29.5(6.2) | 29.8(6.5) |
| BP systolic(SD), mmHg | 124.5(20.9) | 124.8(21.0) | 123.5(20.8) |
| BP diastolic(SD), mmHg | 71.4(12.7) | 72.0(12.6) | 68.6(12.7) |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy Hx, n(%) | 426(57.5) | 343(57.8) | 83(56.1) |
| Primary prevention, n(%) | 589(79.5) | 474(79.9) | 115(77.0) |
| Smoking Hx(current or former), n(%) | 461(62.2) | 380(64.1) | 81(54.7) |
| Hypertension Hx, n(%) | 528(71.3) | 434(73.2) | 94(63.5) |
| Diabetes Hx, n(%) | 289(39.0) | 219(36.9) | 70(47.3) |
| Revascularization Hx, n(%) | 380(51.3) | 304(51.3) | 76(51.4) |
| Autoimmune disease Hx, n(%) | 19.0(2.6) | 15(2.5) | 4(2.7) |
| Sleep apnea Hx, n(%) | 89(12.0) | 66(11.1) | 23(15.5) |
| Cancer Hx, n(%) | 67(9.0) | 53(8.9) | 14(9.5) |
| Renal disease Hx, n(%) | 119(16.1) | 90(15.2) | 29(19.6) |
| COPD Hx, n(%) | 109(14.7) | 89(15.0) | 20(13.5) |
| Valve disease Hx, n(%) | 40(5.4) | 31(5.2) | 9(6.1) |
| Pacemaker implant Hx, n(%) | 15(2.0) | 12(2.0) | 3(2.0) |
| AV block I-II, n(%) | 138(18.6) | 108(18.2) | 30(20.3) |
| PR interval(SD), ms | 198.2(50.4) | 197.0(50.4) | 203.1(50.9) |
| Heart rate(SD), bpm | 71.3(12.5) | 71.3(12.8) | 71.1(11.3) |
| QRS duration(SD), ms | 151.8(19.9) | 151.3(19.3) | 153.7(22.2) |
| Conduction disease:LBBB, n(%) | 552(74.5) | 443(74.7) | 109(73.7) |
| RBBB | 81(10.9) | 62(10.5) | 19(12.8) |
| IVCD | 86(11.6) | 70(11.8) | 16(10.8) |
| RBBB+left hemiblock | 22(3.0) | 18(3.0) | 4(2.7) |
| NYHA class II, n (%) | 21(2.8) | 18(3.0) | 2(1.4) |
| III | 698(94.2) | 560(94.4) | 138(93.2) |
| IV | 22 (3.0) | 15(2.5) | 7(4.7) |
| 6-minute walk(SD), m | 268.2(124.7) | 269.3(122.7) | 263.8(132.8) |
| Quality of life(SD), points | 47.2(25.0) | 46.9(24.9) | 48.1(25.6) |
| Potassium(SD), mmol/L | 4.3(0.5) | 4.3(0.5) | 4.3(0.5) |
| Sodium(SD), mmol/L | 138.7(3.1) | 138(3.3) | 138(2.8) |
| C-reactive protein(SD), ng/mL | 6,438(4,425) | 6,407(4,409) | 6,559(4,500) |
| NT-proBNP median(IQR), pmol/L | 1,691(863–3,952) | 1,656(853–3,952) | 1,895(889–3,948) |
| eGFRCKD-EPI (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 63.6(22.8) | 63.9(22.9) | 62.5(22.4) |
| Use of ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 485(65.5) | 398(67.1) | 87(58.8) |
| Use of beta blocker, n(%) | 681(91.9) | 556(93.8) | 125(84.5) |
| Use of aldosterone antagonist, n(%) | 262(35.4) | 208(35.1) | 54(36.5) |
| LV end systolic volume index (SD), mL/m2 | 64.7(29.8) | 64.4(29.6) | 66.2(29.7) |
| LV end diastolic volume index (SD), mL/m2 | 87.0(32.0) | 86.6(32.1) | 88.6(31.7) |
| LV end systolic dimension index (SD), cm/m2 | 2.8(0.5) | 2.8(0.5) | 2.8(0.5) |
| LV end diastolic dimension index (SD), cm/m2 | 3.2(0.5) | 3.2(0.5) | 3.2(0.5) |
| Lead location Apical n(%) | 98(13.2) | 82(13.8) | 16(10.8) |
| Basal | 47(6.3) | 35(5.9) | 12(8.1) |
| Mid | 596(80.4) | 476(80.3) | 120(81.1) |
| Additional 10 biomarkers added in the input #2 (43+10=53 variables) | |||
| MMP-2 median (IQR), ng/mL | 733(526–1093) | 725(526–1077) | 817(525–1197) |
| MMP-9 median (IQR), ng/mL | 107(68–172) | 105(66–167) | 115(74–185) |
| sGP-130 median (IQR), ng/mL | 196(154–243) | 195(154–243) | 200(154–250) |
| sIL-2r median (IQR), ng/mL | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 1.0(0.7–1.5) |
| sTNFr-II median (IQR), ng/mL | 7.6(5.3–10.8) | 7.5(5.4–10.5) | 8.0(5.1–11.2) |
| IFNG median (IQR), pg/mL | 2.9(2.6–3.2) | 2.9(2.6–3.2) | 2.9(2.7–3.3) |
| sST-2 median (IQR), ng/mL | 28.3(20.1–41.8) | 28.0(20.0–40.8) | 30.0(20.8–46.4) |
| TIMP-1 median (IQR), ng/mL | 122(90–175) | 123(91–173) | 120(89–184) |
| TIMP-2 median (IQR), ng/mL | 102(87–122) | 101(87–121) | 104(87–125) |
| TIMP-4 median (IQR), ng/mL | 2.3(1.5–3.2) | 2.3(1.6–3.1) | 2.3(1.5–3.6) |