Table 1:
Comparison of demographic, clinical and vascular risk characteristics according to Ischemic stroke subtypes
| Characteristic | Large-artery atherosclerosis N=427 | Small vessel occlusion N=1024 | Cardio-embolism N=258 | Undetermined etiology N=722 | Total N=2431 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, Male, n (%) | 215(50.4) | 586(57.2) | 143(55.4) | 340(47.1) | 1284(52.8) | <0.001 |
| Age, mean ± SD | 63.2 ±13.9 | 62.11 ±13.3 | 61.9 ± 15.7 | 61.7 ± 14.3 | 62.1 ± 14.0 | 0.326 |
| Age categories, n (%) | ||||||
| <30 | 4(0.9) | 16(1.6) | 11(4.3) | 21(2.9) | 52(2.1) | <0.001 |
| 30–49 | 63(14.8) | 133(13.0) | 47(18.2) | 112(15.5) | 355(14.6) | <0.001 |
| 50–69 | 204(47.8) | 552(53.9) | 103(39.9) | 351(48.6) | 1210(49.8) | <0.001 |
| >=70 | 154(36.1) | 317(31.0) | 97(37.6) | 235(32.6) | 803(33.0) | <0.001 |
| Age >65years, n (%) | 186(43.6) | 400(39.1) | 120(45.6) | 277(38.4) | 983(40.4) | 0.057 |
| Domicile | ||||||
| Rural, n (%) | 44(10.30) | 77(7.52) | 26(10.08) | 74(10.25) | 221(9.09) | 0.007 |
| Semi-urban, n (%) | 149(34.39) | 310(0.27) | 71(27.52) | 183(25.35) | 713(29.33) | |
| Urban, n (%) | 232(54.33) | 632(61.72) | 161(62.40) | 457(63.30) | 1482(60.96) | |
| Monthly Income >$100, n (%) | 186(43.56) | 400(39.06) | 120(46.51) | 277(38.37) | 983(40.44) | 0.057 |
| Education, (some) n (%) | 327(76.58) | 813(79.39) | 217(84.11) | 541(74.93) | 1898(78.7) | 0.021 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Country, Ghana, n (%) | 104(24.4) | 330(32.2) | 152(58.9) | 149(20.6) | 735(30.2) | <0.001 |
| Akan | 82(19.2) | 224(21.9) | 106(41.1) | 112(15.5) | 524(21.6) | 0.08 |
| Gal/Adange | 6(1.4) | 47(4.6) | 24(9.3) | 15(2.1) | 92(3.8) | |
| Ewe | 6(1.4) | 41(4.0) | 13(5.0) | 10(1.4) | 70(1.9) | |
| others | 10(2.3) | 18(1.8) | 9(3.5) | 12(1.7) | 49(2.0) | |
| Country, Nigeria, n (%) | 318(74.5) | 688(67.2) | 106(41.1) | 568(78.7) | 1680(69.1) | <0.001 |
| Yoruba | 177(41.5) | 357(34.9) | 56(21.7) | 287(39.8) | 877(36.1) | 0.01 |
| Igbo | 14(3.3) | 45(4.4) | 4(1.6) | 39(5.4) | 102(4.2) | |
| Hausa | 80(18.7) | 159(15.5) | 27(10.5) | 172(23.8) | 438(18.0) | |
| Others | 47(11.0) | 127(12.4) | 19(7.4) | 70(9.7) | 263(10.8) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 398(93.2) | 962(94.0) | 245(95.0) | 674(93.4) | 2279(93.8) | 0.993 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 362(84.8) | 866(84.6) | 229(88.8) | 605(83.8) | 2062(84.8) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 182(42.6) | 435(42.5) | 100(38.8) | 283(39.2) | 1000(41.1) | 0.420 |
| Cardiac Disease, n (%) | 40(9.4) | 92(9.0) | 96(37.2) | 108(15.0) | 336(13.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL-Cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 42.6 ±18.0 | 46.2 ±16.8 | 48.0 ± 19.6 | 47.7 ± 19.3 | 46.3 ± 18.2 | <0.001 |
| HDL-Cholesterol ≤ 18.54 mg/dl, n (%) | 175(41.0) | 332(32.4) | 81(31.4) | 228(31.6) | 816(33.6) | <0.001 |
| LDL-Cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 121.2 ± 53.6 | 120.2 ± 51.4 | 125.3 ± 51.8 | 120.6 ± 48.6 | 121.0 ± 51.0 | 0.595 |
| LDL-Cholesterol ≥ 61.2 mg/dl, n (%) | 129(30.2) | 320(32.3) | 103(39.9) | 235(32.6) | 787(32.4) | 0.198 |
| LDL/HDL ratio, mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| LDL/HDL ratio >2.96, n (%) | 159(37.2) | 318(31.1) | 85(33.0) | 223(30.9) | 785(32.3) | 0.009 |
| LDL/HDL ratio by thirds: | ||||||
| ≤ 2.00 | 87(20.4) | 254(24.8) | 67(26.0) | 193(26.7) | 601(24.7) | 0.065 |
| 2.01 – 2.96 | 86(20.1) | 257(25.1) | 69(26.7) | 182(25.2) | 594(24.4) | |
| ≥ 2.97 | 159(37.2) | 318(31.1) | 221(85.7) | 598(82.8) | 1980(81.5) | |
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/l, mean ± SD | 186.8 ± 60.5 | 190.8 ± 57.1 | 190.4 ± 55.6 | 191.8 ± 58.0 | 190.3 ± 57.8 | 0.634 |
| Total Cholesterol ≥ 93.6 mg/dl, n(%) | 132(30.9) | 341(33.3) | 98(38.0) | 265(36.7) | 836(34.4) | 0.377 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 121.5 ± 70.8 | 124.6 ± 70.3 | 123.6 ± 87.5 | 146.6 ± 105.3 | 130.6 ±84.9 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride ≥ 30.6 mg/dl, n (%) | 86(20.1) | 203(19.8) | 46(17.8) | 203(28.1) | 538(22.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip Ratio, mean ± SD | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ±0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.054 |
| Waist-to-hip Ratio raised, n (%) | 335(78.5) | 815(79.6) | 186(72.1) | 548(75.9) | 1884(77.5) | 0.203 |
| Waist-to-hip Ratio by thirds: | ||||||
| ≤ .90 | 101(23.7) | 231(22.6) | 71(27.5) | 157(21.8) | 560(23.0) | 0.015 |
| .91 – .96 | 161(37.7) | 357(34.9) | 83(32.2) | 210(29.1) | 811(33.4) | |
| ≥.97+ | 136(31.9) | 366(35.7) | 79(30.6) | 283(39.2) | 864(35.5) | |
| WHR**, Lowest vs highest thirds, n (%) | 136(31.9) | 366(35.7) | 79(30.6) | 283(39.2) | 864(35.5) | 0.054 |
| WHR**, 1st vs 2nd+3rd thirds, n (%) | 297(69.6) | 723(70.6) | 162(62.8) | 493(68.3) | 1675(68.9) | 0.230 |
| BMI*** (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 27.2± 5.1 | 26.6 ± 5.4 | 26.9± 5.6 | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 26.7 ± 5.3 | 0.264 |
| BMI*** >30kg/m2, n (%) | 75(17.6) | 192(18.8) | 52(20.2) | 111(15.4) | 430(17.7) | 0.347 |
| Physical inactivity, n (%) | 6(1.4) | 44(4.3) | 21(8.1) | 43(6.0) | 114(4.7) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use in past 12 months, n (%) | 8(1.9) | 28(2.7) | 10(3.9) | 24(3.3) | 70(2.9) | 0.379 |
| Tobacco (any use), n (%) | 34(8.0) | 107(10.5) | 28(10.9) | 65(9.0) | 234(9.6) | 0.458 |
| Alcohol (current user), n (%) | 49(11.5) | 152(14.8) | 44(17.1) | 87(12.1) | 332(13.7) | 0.092 |
| Alcohol (any use), n (%) | 112(26.2) | 336(32.8) | 101(39.2) | 167(23.1) | 716(29.5) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use categories: | ||||||
| Never Use | 304(71.2) | 672(65.6) | 155(60.1) | 537(74.4) | 1668(68.6) | <0.001 |
| Ever Low Use | 61(14.3) | 186(18.2) | 56(21.7) | 83(11.5) | 386(15.9) | |
| Ever High Use | 1(0.2) | 23(2.3) | 7(2.7) | 16(2.2) | 47(1.9) | |
| Stress, n (%) | 71(16.6) | 197(19.2) | 48(18.6) | 108(15.0) | 424(17.4) | 0.119 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1(0.2) | 7(0.7) | 1(0.4) | 6(0.8) | 15(0.6) | 0.002 |
| Depression, n (%) | 19(4.5) | 93(9.1) | 27(10.5) | 39(5.4) | 177(7.3) | 0.001 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 150(35.1) | 397(38.8) | 107(41.5) | (33.8) | 898(36.9) | 0.060 |
| Adding salt at table, n (%) | 16(3.8) | 73(7.1) | 18(7.0) | 38(5.3) | 145(6.0) | 0.093 |
| Green vegetable consumption, n (%) | 93(21.8) | 225(22.0) | 45(17.4) | 202(28.0) | 265(10.9) | 0.013 |
| Whole grains consumption, n (%) | 301(70.5) | 768(75.0) | 194(75.2) | 574(79.5) | 1857(76.4) | 0.875 |
| Legumes consumption, n (%) | 261(61.1) | 632(61.7) | 150(58.1) | 428(59.3) | 1471(60.5) | 0.119 |
| Fruit consumption, n (%) | 294(68.9) | 778(75.9) | 201(77.9) | 575(79.6) | 1848(76.0) | 0.042 |
| Sugar consumption or otherwise, n (%) | 69(16.6) | 282(27.5) | 66(25.6) | 201(27.8) | 618(25.4) | 0.002 |
| Meat consumption or otherwise, n (%) | 261(61.1) | 650(63.5) | 157(60.9) | 519(71.9) | 1587(65.3) | 0.012 |
| Fish consumption or otherwise, % | 319(74.7) | 838(81.8) | 223(86.4) | 621(86.0) | 2001(82.3) | 0.060 |
| Investigations | ||||||
| Electrocardiography | 211 (49.4) | 612 (59.8) | 187 (72.5) | 457 (63.3) | 1467 (60.3) | <0.0001 |
| Echocardiography | 163 (38.2) | 438 (42.8) | 148 (57.4) | 273 (37.8) | 1022 (42.0) | <0.0001 |
| Carotid Doppler | 186 (43.6) | 387 (37.8) | 114 (44.2) | 243 (33.7) | 930 (38.3) | 0.01 |
| Cranial CT scan | 427 (100.0) | 1024 (100.0) | 258 (100.0) | 722 (100.0) | 2431 (100.0) | |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 61(14.3) | 123(12.0) | 26(10.1) | 62(8.6) | 272(11.2) | 0.018 |
#-
P-value for analysis of variance comparing mean across Ischemic stroke types