Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of included children.
| Total | CD | VD | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Values | N | Values | N | Values | ||
| Birth | |||||||
| Sex [boy, %] | 2079 | 1182 (56.85%) | 987 | 568 (57.55%) | 1092 | 614 (56.23%) | 0.54 |
| Age [mean ± sd, months old] | 2079 | 36.97 ± 40.27 | 987 | 36.5 ± 41.11 | 1092 | 37.4 ± 39.5 | 0.61 |
| Premature delivery [yes, %] | 2079 | 222 (10.68%) | 987 | 157 (15.91%) | 1092 | 65 (5.95%) | <0.01 |
| Father’s allergic diseases [yes, %] | 2079 | 384 (18.47%) | 987 | 189 (19.15%) | 1092 | 195 (17.86%) | 0.45 |
| Maternal allergic diseases [yes, %] | 2079 | 294 (14.14%) | 987 | 131 (13.27%) | 1092 | 163 (14.93%) | 0.28 |
| Other family members’ allergic diseases [yes, %] | 2079 | 149 (7.17%) | 987 | 72 (7.29%) | 1092 | 77 (7.05%) | 0.83 |
| Postnatal exposure | |||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding [yes, %] | 2079 | 658 (31.65%) | 987 | 267 (27.05%) | 1092 | 391 (35.81%) | <0.01 |
| Exposure to smoke [yes, %] | 2079 | 391(118.81%) | 987 | 193 (19.55%) | 1092 | 198 (18.13%) | 0.41 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| First episode of wheezing [yes, %] | 2079 | 724 (34.82%) | 987 | 367 (37.18%) | 1092 | 357 (32.69%) | 0.03 |
| Length of time for development of FTW [mean ± sd, months] | 724 | 18.33 ± 20.34 | 367 | 17.78 ± 20.33 | 357 | 18.90 ± 20.37 | 0.46 |
| Recurrent wheeze [yes, %] | 2079 | 417(20.06%) | 987 | 207 (20.97%) | 1092 | 210 (19.23%) | 0.32 |
| Asthma [yes, %] | 2076 | 267 (12.84%) | 985 | 146 (14.82%) | 1091 | 121 (11.09%) | 0.01 |
| Length of time for development of asthma [mean ± sd, months] | 267 | 48.35 ± 31.45 | 146 | 48.47 ± 32.95 | 121 | 48.20 ± 29.67 | 0.94 |
| LOS [mean ± sd, day] | 2079 | 6.60 ± 6.40 | 987 | 6.35 ± 5.43 | 1092 | 6.8 ± 7.09 | 0.1 |
| LOS for wheezing diseases (not asthma) [mean ± sd, day] | 503 | 6.01 ± 4.71 | 347 | 6.03 ± 4.86 | 256 | 5.97 ± 4.47 | 0.93 |
| Test of immune cells | |||||||
| CD3+ | 1697 | 3418.35 ± 2868.99 | 807 | 3343.25 ± 2725.54 | 890 | 3486.45 ± 2993.02 | 0.3 |
| CD3+% | 1697 | 63.62 ± 11.67 | 807 | 63.09 ± 11.73 | 890 | 64.09 ± 11.59 | 0.08 |
| CD3+CD4+ | 1697 | 1823.26 ± 1258.3 | 807 | 1816.42 ± 1245.17 | 890 | 1829.46 ± 1270.76 | 0.83 |
| CD3+CD4+% | 1697 | 35.55 ± 10.79 | 807 | 35.72 ± 11.01 | 890 | 35.39 ± 10.59 | 0.54 |
| CD3+CD8+ | 1697 | 1368.33 ± 2107.98 | 807 | 1305.32 ± 1939.54 | 890 | 1425.46 ± 2249.41 | 0.24 |
| CD3+CD8+% | 1697 | 23.25 ± 11.9 | 807 | 22.62 ± 11.69 | 890 | 23.83 ± 12.07 | 0.04 |
| CD4/CD8 | 1697 | 1.93 ± 1.21 | 807 | 2.01 ± 1.33 | 890 | 1.86 ± 1.07 | 0.01 |
| CD3+/HLA-DR+ | 1388 | 590.98 ± 1864.55 | 664 | 582.02 ± 1796.89 | 724 | 599.19 ± 1925.72 | 0.86 |
| CD3+/HLA-DR+% | 1404 | 8.2 ± 21.64 | 669 | 7.7 ± 12.41 | 735 | 8.65 ± 27.47 | 0.4 |
| Treg | 1421 | 129.4 ± 108.52 | 677 | 133.02 ± 117.85 | 744 | 126.11 ± 99.24 | 0.23 |
| Treg% | 1440 | 3.56 ± 18.92 | 683 | 3.59 ± 16.07 | 757 | 3.54 ± 21.18 | 0.96 |
| CD3-/CD19+ | 1697 | 1135.12 ± 876.03 | 807 | 1119.8 ± 853.2 | 890 | 1149.02 ± 896.47 | 0.49 |
| CD3-/CD19+% | 1697 | 23.05 ± 10.61 | 807 | 23.39 ± 10.89 | 890 | 22.74 ± 10.34 | 0.21 |
| CD45+ | 1697 | 5231.69 ± 3734.08 | 807 | 5112.76 ± 3529.76 | 890 | 5339.53 ± 3908.98 | 0.21 |
| NK | 1697 | 618.8 ± 589.15 | 807 | 600.75 ± 517.67 | 890 | 635.17 ± 647.03 | 0.22 |
| NK% | 1697 | 12.03 ± 7.42 | 807 | 12.14 ± 7.26 | 890 | 11.93 ± 7.55 | 0.55 |
| CD14+/HLA-DR+ | 1389 | 898.21 ± 1476.54 | 665 | 848.34 ± 659.08 | 724 | 944.01 ± 1944.77 | 0.21 |
| CD14+/HLA-DR+% | 1408 | 84.94 ± 29.44 | 671 | 84.12 ± 23.05 | 737 | 85.67 ± 34.24 | 0.32 |
CD, caesarean delivery; VD, vaginal delivery; sd, standard deviation; N, Number of sample size.CD3+, The number of CD3+ T cells/ul; CD3+%, The ratio of CD3+ T cell in total lymphocyte; CD3+CD4+, The number of CD3+CD4+ T cells/ul; CD3+CD4+%, The ratio of CD3+CD4+ T cell in total lymphocyte; CD3+CD8+, The number of CD3+CD8+ T cells/ul; CD3+CD8+%, The ratio of CD3+CD8+ T cell in total lymphocyte; CD4/CD8, the ratio of CD4+ T cell versus CD8+ T cell; CD3+/HLA-DR+, The number of CD3+/HLA-DR+ T cells/ul; CD3+/HLA-DR+%, The ratio of CD3+/HLA-DR+ T cell in total lymphocyte; Treg, The number of regulatory T cells/ul; Treg%, The ratio of regulatory T cell in total lymphocyte; CD3-/CD19+, The number of B cells/ul; CD3-/CD19+%, The ratio of B cell in total lymphocyte; CD45+, The number of CD45+ cells/ul; NK, The number of NK cells/ul; NK%, The ratio of NK cell in total lymphocyte; CD14+/HLA-DR+, The number of activated monocytes cells/ul; CD14+/HLA-DR+%, The ratio of activated monocytes in total monocytes.
All tests of these cells are done by flow cytometry. The absolute number (cells/µL) of positive cells in the sample can be determined by comparing cellular events to bead events. Absolute counts of cells are calculated by BD FACSCanto clinical software using the following formula: cell population absolute count test volume = (events in cell population/events in absolute count bead region)*(beads of each test/test volume).
In bold <0.01: P values less than 0.01.