Table 2.

The role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in ALI.

Regulation Factor	Research objects	Macrophage polarization	Mechanisms	Year and Country	Reference
Alleviating ALI
Cannabinoid Receptor 2	Mice, cells	M1→M2	TLR4 signaling↓; miR-145↓	2015, America	(94)
Protein interacting with C kinase 1	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	NF-κB signaling↓; STAT6 signaling↑	2016, China	(92)
P38α deficiency	Mice, cells	M1→M2	CCL2, CCL5↓; p38α-CREB-C/EBPβ↓	2017, China	(100)
Spermine	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	STAT1↓, STAT6↑; ATG5↑	2018, China	(102)
Homeobox Containing 1	Cells, mice	M1↓	NF-κB signaling↓; MHCII↓	2018, China	(104)
Benzenediamine Analog FC-99	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	PPAR-γ signaling↑	2019, China	(97)
p300/CBP inhibitor A-485	Mice, cells	M1↓	H3K27ac/H3K18ac↓; NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3 signaling pathway↓	2019, China	(99)
Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	LC3B-II↑	2019, China	(103)
Carbon monoxide	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	HIF-1α↓; PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling↑	2021, China	(96)
Msc-secreted prostaglandin E2	Mice, cells	M2↑	STAT6 and mTOR signaling↑	2021, China	(93)
Aggravating ALI
Hyperglycemia	Mice, cells	M1↑; M2↓	STAT1↑, STAT6↓; AMPK↓, PI3K/AKT pathway↑	2019, China	(95)
CCL5	Patient samples, mice	M2 ↓	MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway↑	2020, China	(98)