Table 4.

The role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in ALD.

Regulation Factor	Research Objects	Macrophage polarization	Mechanisms	Year and Country	Reference
Alleviating ALD
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor	Mice, cells	M1↓	HO-1↑; NF-κB signaling↓	2011, France	(127)
EV-miR-27a	Patient samples, cells	M2↑	IL-10, TGF-β↑	2016, America	(134)
β-caryophyllene	Mice	M1↓	Cannabinoid 2 receptors↑; PPARα↑	2018, America	(140)
β-hydroxybutyrate	Patient samples, mice, cells	M2↑	Hcar2-cAMP pathway↑	2018, America	(141)
Salidroside	Cells	M1↓	Notch-Hes signaling pathway↓; NF-κB↓	2019, China	(142)
Inulin	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	Short chain fatty acids↑; TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway↓	2020, China	(138)
Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like Protein-1	Mice, cells	M1↓; M2↑	S100A9 protein↑; glycolytic pathway↓	2021, China	(130)
Metformin and Probiotics	Cells, rats	M1↓; M2↑	MAPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway↑	2021, India	(139)
Aggravating ALD
Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Mice, cells	M1↑	NF-κB pathway↑	2016, China	(126)
MiR-155	Mice, cells	M1↑; M2↓	PPARγ↓; C/EBPβ↓	2016, America	(143)
Nogo-B	Patient samples, mice, cells	M1↑; M2↓	C/EBP homologous protein↓; Endoplasmic reticulum stress↓	2017, America	(137)
EV-Heat shock protein 90	Mice, cells	M1↑; M2↓	IκB kinase↑, TLR4/NF–κB pathway↑	2018, America	(133)