Table 6.
The role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in LF.
| Regulation Factor | Research Objects | Macrophage polarization | Mechanisms | Year and Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alleviating LF | |||||
| γ-secretase inhibitor | Patient samples, cells, CCl4-treated mice | M1↓ | Notch signaling↓ | 2015, Netherlands | (199) |
| Cells, schistosome-infected mice | M2↓ | 2016, China | (77) | ||
| NKp46+ cells | MCD-fed mice, cells | M1↑ | IFN-γ↑ | 2016, America | (206) |
| Toxoplasma gondii GRA15II | Cells, schistosome-infected mice | M1↑ | NF-κB↑; p-p38 MAPK↓; MMP-13↑; TGF-β1↓ | 2018, China | (207) |
| Lentiviral GRA15II | 2018, China | (208) | |||
| Corilagin | Schistosome-infected mice | M2↓ | SOCS1, KLF, PPARγ, PPARδ↓; IL-13/STAT6 signaling pathway↓ | 2016, China | (209) |
| Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M2↑ | PI3K/Akt/STA T6 signaling↑ | 2017, China | (210) |
| S-allyl-glutathione | CCl4-treated rats, cells | M1↓; M2↓ | heat shock protein 47↓ | 2018, Japan | (211) |
| DMN-treated rats, cells | M2↓ | ||||
| Quercetin | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M1↓ | Notch1 pathway↓ | 2018, China | (200) |
| Proline–serine–threonine–phosphatase-interacting protein2 | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M1↓; M2↑ | STAT1↓; STAT6↑ | 2018, China | (212) |
| Bone marrow MSC transplantation | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M1↓; M2↑ | MMP13↑; IL-10↑, ΤGF-β1↓; caspase-3↑ | 2019, China | (204) |
| Splenectomy | ConA-treated mice | M2↑ | NF-κB p65/p50↓ | 2019, China | (213) |
| Recombinant Sj16 protein | Schistosome-infected mice, cells | M2↑ | Arg-1, IL-10↑; Th1 response↓ | 2019, China | (214) |
| Margatoxin | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M1↓; M2↑ | P-STAT1↓; p-STAT6↑ | 2020, China | (195) |
| TNF-stimulated gene 6 | CCl4-treated mice | M2↑ | P-STAT1/3, p-p65, p-Akt↓; NF-κB↓ | 2020, China | (205) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum stress | CCl4-treated rats, cells | M1↑ | TNF-α↑; TNF-R1/caspase 8↑ | 2020, China | (215) |
| Capsaicin | CCl4-treated rats, cells | M1↓ | Notch signaling↓; TNF-α↓ | 2020, China | (76) |
| IL-22 | CCl4-treated mice, cells | M1→M2 | Erk1/2 and Akt pathways↓; STAT3 pathway↑ | 2021, China | (216) |
| Aggravating LF | |||||
| Cytochrome P450 2E1 | Patient samples, DEN-treated mice | M2↓ | CD163/CD68 ratio↓ | 2019, China | (217) |
| PC3-secreted microprotein | Patient samples, CCl4-treated mice | M1↑ | CCR2↑ | 2020, China | (218) |
| LncRNA Lfar1 | Cells, CCl4 and BDL-treated mice | M1↑ | NLRP3 inflammasome↑; NF-ĸB pathway↑ | 2020, China | (219) |
| Activated HSCs | Patient samples, cells | M2↑ | CCL2/CCR2 pathway↑ | 2021, China | (193) |