Table 7.
The role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in HCC.
| Regulation Factor | Research Objects | Macrophage polarization | Mechanisms | Year and Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alleviating HCC | |||||
| Cantharidin | Cells, mice | M2→M1 | STAT3↓; miR-214↑; β-catenin↓ | 2014, China | (250) |
| Baicalin | Cells, mice | M2→M1 | RelB/p52 pathway↑ | 2015, China | (226) |
| GdCl3 | Patient samples, mice, cells | M2↓ | E-cadherin↑; N-cadherin, TWIST, Snail↓; CD206↓ | 2015, China | (242) |
| IL-12 | Cells, mice | M1↑ | STAT3/C-Myc pathway↓ | 2016, China | (251) |
| ToxoGRA15II | Cells, mice | M1↑ | MMP-9, MMP-2↓; IL-6, IL-10↓; TNF-α, IL-12↑ | 2017, China | (252) |
| LncRNA cox-2 | Cells, mice | M1↑; M2↓ | p50/p65↑; COX-2↑ | 2018, China | (253) |
| MiR-98 | Cells | M2→M1 | TNF-α, IL-1β↑; TGF-β, IL-10↓; EMT↓ | 2018, China | (254) |
| SPON2 | Patient samples, mice, cells | M1↑ | Integrin-Rho GTPase-Hippo pathways↑ | 2018, China | (255) |
| Cryptotanshinone | Cells, mice | M1↑ | TLR7/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway↑ | 2019, America | (256) |
| Sirtuin 1 | Patient samples, cells | M1↑ | NF-κB pathway↑ | 2019, China | (257) |
| Sirtuin 4 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↓ | FAO-PPARδ-STAT3 signaling pathway↓ | 2019, China | (258) |
| IL-37 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2→M1 | IL-6/STAT3 pathway↓ | 2020, China | (246) |
| Retinoic acid-inducible gene I | Patient samples, cells, mice | M1↑ | MAVS/TRAF2/NF-κB pathway↑ | 2020, China | (259) |
| 4−methylumbelliferone | Mice, cells | M1↑ | IL-6↓; TLR4, CD47, Sox2↓ | 2021, Australia | (247) |
| G. lucidum spore polysaccharide | Cells, mice | M1↑ | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1↑; PI3K/AKT pathway↑ | 2021, China | (260) |
| MiR-144/451a cluster | Patient samples, mice, cells | M1↑ | hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)↓; migration inhibitory factor (MIF)↓ | 2021, China | (261) |
| Aggravating HCC | |||||
| Oxidored-nitro domain-containing protein 1 | Patient samples, mice, cells | M2↑ | Arg1, IL-10↑; IL-6, NF-κB↑ | 2018, China | (262) |
| N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 | Cells, mice | M1↓ | NF-κB signaling pathway↓ | 2018, China | (263) |
| Wnt ligands | Patient samples, mice, cells | M2↑ | Wnt/β-catenin signaling↑ | 2018, China | (15) |
| Neurotensin | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | IL-8↑; MAPK and NF-κB pathways↑ | 2018, China | (264) |
| Sal-like protein-4 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | Exosomal miR-146a-5p↑ | 2019, China | (237) |
| Intestinal dysbacteriosis | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | IL-25↑; CXCL10↑ | 2019, China | (265) |
| LncRNA LINC00662 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | Wnt/β-catenin signaling↑ | 2020, China | (231) |
| LncRNA MALAT1 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | MiR-140↓; VEGF-A↑ | 2020, China | (234) |
| Extracellular ubiquitin | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | CXCR4/ERK signaling pathway↑ | 2020, China | (266) |
| LncRNA TP73-AS1 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | MiR-539↓; MMP8↑; TGF-β signaling↑ | 2020, China | (230) |
| Nogo-B | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | Yes-associated protein (Yap)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz)↑ | 2020, China | (267) |
| High−mobility group box 1 | Cells, mice | M2↑ | TLR2/NOX2/autophagy axis↑ | 2020, China | (225) |
| Arsenite | Cells, mice | M2↑ | MiR-15b↑; large tumor suppressor kinase 1↓; Hippo pathway↓ | 2021, China | (268) |
| lncRNA-CRNDE | Cells, mice | M2↑ | JAK1/STAT6, AKT1↑; Notch1↑ | 2021, China | (233) |
| Cancer−associated fibroblast | Cells | M2↑ | CXCL12↑; plasminogen activator inhibitor−1↑ | 2021, Japan | (269) |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 | Patient samples, mice, cells | M2↑ | TGF-β-Smad2/3↑; FoxP1↑ | 2021, China | (270) |
| Epithelial cell transforming 2 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | PLK1/PTEN pathway↑ | 2021, China | (271) |
| Distal-less homeobox 6 antisense 1 | Patient samples, cells, mice | M2↑ | MicroRNA-15a-5p↓; CXCL17↑ | 2021, China | (272) |