Table 2.
Cardiovascular profiles of levosimendan (LS) and other inodilators in comparative studies
| Drug | Examined parameter | Effect | Preparation (species) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LS | [Ca2+]i‐force relationship | Desensitization | Coronary arteries (pig) | Bowman et al. 54 |
| Milrinone | " | No desensitization | ||
| LS | Post‐ischaemic arrhythmia | None | Isolated hearts (guinea pig) | Du Toit et al. 55 |
| Dobutamine | " | Frequent | ||
| LS/OR‐1896 | Mean arterial pressure | Decrease (high potential) | Instrumented animals (rats) | Segreti et al. 56 |
| Pulse pressure | Decrease (high potential) | |||
| Rate‐pressure product | Decrease (low potential) | |||
| Cardiac output (LS) | Increase (high potential) | |||
| Peripheral resistance | Decrease (high potential) | |||
| Milrinone | Mean arterial pressure | Decrease (low potential) | ||
| Pulse pressure | Decrease (low potential) | |||
| Rate‐pressure product | Decrease (low potential) | |||
| Cardiac output | Small increase (low potential) | |||
| Peripheral resistance | Decrease (low potential) | |||
| Dobutamine | Blood pressure | No effect | ||
| Pulse pressure | Increase | |||
| Rate‐pressure product | Increase (high potential) | |||
| Cardiac output | No effect | |||
| Peripheral resistance | No effect | |||
| LS | Pulmonary lobar pressure decrease | High potency | Instrumented animals (cats) | De Witt et al. 28 |
| Siguazodan | " | Low potency | ||
| Rolipram | " | Low potency | ||
| Pinacidil | " | Low potency | ||
| LS | Regional distribution of cardiac output | LS‐specific combination at comparable systemic effects | Anaesthetized animals (dogs) | Pagel et al. 51 , 57 |
| Renal vascular resistance | Decrease | |||
| Splanchnic vascular resistance | Decrease | |||
| Pressure work index | Decrease | |||
| Milrinone | Regional distribution of cardiac output | Milrinone‐specific combination at comparable systemic effects | ||
| Renal vascular resistance | Increase | |||
| Splanchnic vascular resistance | Increase | |||
| Pressure work index no effect | ||||
| Pimobendan | Regional distribution of cardiac output | Pimobendan‐specific combination at comparable systemic effects | ||
| Renal vascular resistance | Increase | |||
| Splanchnic vascular resistance | Increase | |||
| Pressure work index | No effect | |||
| LS | Oxygenation of gastric mucosa | Selective increase | Anaesthetized animals (dogs) | Schwarte et al. 58 |
| Milrinone | " | No effect | ||
| Dobutamine | " | Non‐selective increase |
Milrinone, pimobendan, and siguazodan are inhibitors of the PDE III enzyme, rolipram is an inhibitor of the PDE IV enzyme, and pinacidil is an activator of K(ATP) channels.